Overview of the Experimental Results

3 eV were measured, and negative AT for lower energies. Since there is no ground state absorption in the positive AT region, we assigned it to stimulated emission of the 0-1 and 0-2 lines. In the PA region a sharp band at 1.48 eV can be seen, which decays on the same timescale of SE and a weak PA band at 

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The chemistry of elements 104 through 106 has successfully been studied on this atom-at-a-time basis (see Refs. 11-14 for reviews). Recently, the chemistry of bohrimn (element 107) has been investigated for the first time by using an isothermal gas-phase system [15] and the first chemical studies of element 108 (hassium) have been reported [16]. Experiments with even heavier elements such as 112 [17] are imderway and others are planned as well. Complete overviews of the experimental procedures and results can be found in Ref. 46. 

In this chapter, a brief and incomplete overview of the acid-base properties of oxide materials used in catalysis and adsorption technologies has been done. While the most general and fundamental aspects of solid acidity and basicity are quite well established and unanimously recognized, many questions are still opened in several particular systems of practical interest. Some of them have been underlined earlier. The most classical experimental techniques briefly described here allow to have a quite complete picture of the materials under study, but still the knowledge needs to be refined in many cases. Theoretical and computational methods are in rapid progress and allow now to go deeper in the understanding of the experimental results. 

This section contains an outline of the theory and results of experimental studies of the elastic properties of nematics. First, a short introduction of the standard theories is given and the characteristic quantities, used to describe nematic phase elasticity are introduced. After an overview of the standard methods of measuring elastic constants, a summary of the experimental results is given. In particular, we list a collection of papers dealing with the extensively explored cyanobiphenyls and the standard substance 4-methyloxy-4 -butylbenzylidene-aniline (MBBA). The next part is devoted to the less-common surface-like elastic constants, and this is followed by a sketch of the theoretical approaches to the microscopic interpretation of elastic constants and the Landau-de Gennes expansion. The section is concluded by a brief discussion of elastic theory for biaxial nematic phases. 

We have presented a brief overview of the experimentally observed shear profiles that result when monodisperse granular materials are sheared by linear or periodic displacements of the boundary. The typical velocity profiles that result in the case where the shear flow is driven by interactions with the boundary have a stretched exponential form. Such profiles have been discussed in terms of an order parameter description [48] and can be potentially described by nonlocal constitutive laws [49]. While the shear is localized in these cases, it may be noted that this is not always the case. For example, flow is found to be sheared over a wide area in the convergent zone of a silo or in the split bottom Couette cell. 

This edited volume provides the cement science community with a state-of-the-art overview of analytical techniques used in cement chemistry to study the hydration and microstructure of cements. Each chapter focusses on a specific technique, not only describing the basic principles behind the technique, but also providing essential, practical details on its application to the study of cement hydration. Each chapter sets out present best practice, and draws attention to the limitations and potential experimental pitfalls of the technique. Databases that supply examples and that support the analysis and interpretation of the experimental results strengthen a very valuable ready reference. 

Time series plots give a useful overview of the processes studied. However, in order to compare different simulations to one another or to compare the simulation to experimental results it is necessary to calculate average values and measure fluctuations. The most common average is the root-mean-square (rms) average, which is given by the second moment of the distribution. 

We begin by reviewing the principles of SECM methods, and present an overview of the instrumentation needed for experimental studies. A major factor in the success of SECM, in quantitative applications, has been the parallel development of theoretical models for mass transport. A detailed treatment of the theory for the most common SECM modes that have been used to study liquid interfaces is therefore given, along with key results from these models. A comprehensive assessment of the applications of SECM is provided and the prospects for the future developments of the methodology are highlighted. 

In this chapter we have presented a brief struetural overview of the modifications of the primary structure and at the post-translational level that contribute to histone variability. We have also diseussed the different contributions of histones and DNA to the stability and dynamies of the ehromatin nucleoprotein complex. In Section 6 we have integrated both topies using several representative examples from experimental results available from reeent and past literature. The results described in this section provide a good example of the dual informational and structural role of histone variability. 

The major purpose of the title is to inform readers about the specific content of the work, ideally identifying both what was studied and how it was studied. The major purpose of an abstract is to summarize, in one clear and concise paragraph, the purpose, experimental approach, principal results, and major conclusions of the work. In most journals, the abstract includes only text in some journals (e.g.. The Journal of Organic Chemistry and Organic Letters), the abstract also includes a graphic. Importantly, both the abstract and title must be able to stand on their own. This is because these two sections (and only these two sections) are reprinted by abstracting services (e.g.. Chemical Abstracts Service, or CAS) in separate documents for literature searches. Also, many chemists read titles and abstracts to obtain a quick overview of the journal s contents but do not read the articles in full. 

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