Other Similar Technologies

6 Other Similar Technologies Clean Coal Gasification Technology 

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Other Processes. Other similar technologies also exist to manufacture less important products such as benzonitrile967 and isomeric dicyanobenzenes from the corresponding methylbenzenes.968-970 In the Lummus process to produce terephthalonitrile, ammoxidation is carried out without free oxygen. p-Xylene and ammonia are reacted over a V205-on-alumina catalyst at 400-450°C in a fluidized-bed reactor. The catalyst is reduced during the process and reoxidized... 

Injectable nanocrystals, dendrimers, aquasomes, poly-plexes and lipopolyplexes are not discussed in detail as then-use is not yet as common as the main drug delivery systems. An excellent, comprehensive review of the properties and use of these colloidal systems, together with other similar technologies, (collectively often referred to as Nanomedicines) for use in medical imaging, has been published recently. " ... 

DYCOstrate. A different approach to small via creation has been taken by Dyconex AG of Switzerland. After ground and power patterns are formed on the panel, and the panel is oxide-treated, polyimide-backed copper foil is laminated on the panel. Holes in the copper are formed by a chemical etching process, and the insulating polyimide material underneath the holes is removed by plasma etching. PWBs made in such a way are called DYCOstrate. In other, similar technologies, different dielectric materials are used, and they are removed by alkaUne solutions. The rest of the process is similar to that for SLC that is, holes are metallized and a thick copper deposition is made by electroless or galvanic plating, and the circuit pattern is formed by a tent-and-etch process (see Fig. 5.5). 

Detailed economics of individual industrial processes, including SCP processes, are usually regarded as confidential, out of fear that publication may lend advantage to competitors. In addition, economy of scale rule generally applies (that is as the production capacity increases, the cost of the product decreases), so that direct comparisons can only be made between systems of similar capacity. Some economic data on SCP processes have been published and are presented in the Resource Material at the end of this chapter. You should appreciate that the data are outdated by more than a decade, during which time substrate costs will have varied relative to each other, and technology will have improved. This means that the comparative costs presented in Table 4.13, for example, may not be now as presented there. Nevertheless the data presented do provide an outline of the economics of SCP production. The processes referred to in the Resource Material are not necessarily those mentioned in the text and so you may find some differences in detail. 

Pressure-driven membrane processes to replace the absorption-sequence are under development, but the separated H2S (and other components which co-diffuse) will have to be treated with Claus or similar technology. 

This concept is in essence a chromatographic effect similar to that observed in gas chromatography (GC), with the conjugated polymer film acting as the stationary phase. It is possible that like in GC and other candidate technologies for explosive detection, these responses could be empirically standardized for expected analytes of interest and sensory devices caHbrated to deconvolute temporal quenching signals to determine which analytes are present. This would further enhance the selectivity of what is already a very selective sensor for TNT and related compounds. 

The full-scale industrial experiment demonstrated the feasibility of a convenient, nonintrusive aconstic chemometric facility for reliable ammonia concentration prediction. The training experimental design spanned the industrial concentration range of interest (0-8%). Two-segment cross-validation (test set switch) showed good accnracy (slope 0.96) combined with a satisfactory RMSEP. It is fully possible to further develop this pilot study calibration basis nntil a fnll industrial model has been achieved. There wonld appear to be several types of analogous chemical analytes in other process technological contexts, which may be similarly approached by acoustic chemometrics. 

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