Other instructional approaches

Advances in information technologies have also made possible the design of intelligent tutoring systems which can be used alone or in combination with simulations or other instructional approaches. Collins and Stevens [4] have identified a variety of strategies which... 

Other software approaches work with replicated execution and comparison of the obtained results. The protected software is modified during or before compilation—rarely, dynamic binary instrumentation is used [24]. Replication can be implemented at different levels of abstraction. Some approaches duplicate single instructions and execute them in one thread [22,19,10,25,24,6]. Other approaches execute duplicates of the whole program within several threads and provide synchronization means for them [31,12,32]. For all those approaches which are based on redimdant execution of the same program instructions, it is not possible to provide guarantees with respect to permanent hardware errors or soft errors which disturb the voting mechanism. 

In this section a selection procedure will be developed for injection moulding, since this process is used for the widest range of materials. The choice available for other processes such as, for example, compression moulding, filament winding and vacuum forming, is much more restricted. The approach described will be less mechanistic than the systems described in the two previous sections, requiring the prospective user to be aware of the properties of the various materials available. Because the approach is somewhat different, it would be instructive to run it parallel to the above processes and compare the results. 

The APQP manual does include mandatory requirements by use of the words shall, will, and must as well as an advisory approach indicated by the word should. However, use of the word will is not consistent since in some cases it has a future implication such as There will be assumptions. .. Other styles are also used, such as is responsible and while many of the provisions are advisory, the lists of inputs and outputs, having no preceding instruction, are neither mandatory nor advisory so you should consult your... 

Gas-phase electron diffraction is the technique of choice for many special problems of molecular structure determination. However, it has not become a mass-producing technique like X-ray crystallography or the quantum chemical calculations. With the proliferation of quantum chemical calculations some of the problems, namely, the accurate determination of relatively simple organic molecules that used to be solved by gas-phase electron diffraction have moved to the realm of these calculations. There are a wealth of other problems, mainly in inorganic chemistry, that still necessitate the application of this rather demanding but instructive and amazing approach. 

Since the bubbling bed represents such severe deviations from ideal contacting, not just minor ones as with other single-fluid reactors (packed beds, tubes, etc.), it would be instructive to see how this problem of flow characterization has been attacked. A wide variety of approaches have been tried. We consider these in turn. 

Six-System Inspection Model The FDA s instruction manual for its investigators is a systems-based approach to inspection consistent with this guidance. The FDA defines six interlocked systems (1) the quality system which encompasses all the other systems, (2) a materials system, (3) a production system,... 

In the overall reaction catalyzed by the mitochondrial respiratory chain, electrons move from NADH, succinate, or some other primary electron donor through flavoproteins, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur proteins, and cytochromes, and finally to 02. A look at the methods used to determine the sequence in which the carriers act is instructive, as the same general approaches have been used to study other electron-transfer chains, such as those of chloroplasts. 

In this section, a number of published novel approaches are described that address these specific problems. Many new processes have been claimed, and it is certain that not all of these have been identified by the present authors. Several other reviews have some information relating to this specific topic (1,109,112,113), and it is suggested that those references be consulted as well. In addition, there have been two recent major symposia held by the American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, that have dealt specifically with this topic (Washington, DC, August 1994, and Orlando, FL, August 1996). Papers presented at those symposia are also quite instructive. 

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