ORIGINS AND HISTORY

Research and development work in the United Kingdom, America and Australia 

Some early work on ergonomics was done by a Polish researcher, Jastizebowski, in the nineteenth century. But even prior to this some of the principles were recognized by Bernardino Ramazzini when he wrote his book On the Diseases of Occupations in 1700. The term ergonomics was coined by Jastizebowski in 1857. It was reintroduced in the UK in 1950, but the study of the person within the system in the United States, known as hirman factors, which has a variation of emphasis, goes back well beyond that. 

Work-study, including time and motion studies, looked at efficient ways to design production. Tayloristic production-line methods paid too little attention to the whole person and their needs and, although they are now recognized as a mistake, they may have been the best approach in, for example, the World War II production of Liberty ships. 

Studies of human performance have been marty and varied. They include human response to controls (dials, levers, switches, displ s), human performance rmder high and low gravity (for fighter aircraft and orbiting space stations), hirman behaviorrr in relation to complex systems (nuclear power station operation), and effective sorting (mail exchanges). More recently the interaction of humans and computer terminals has received a lot of attention. 

Heat stress has also been studied in amty persormel undergoing rigorous training, initial by Yaglou andMinard in the USA (and continuing to this day at Fort Detrick) in UK submarine crews Bedford and in bushfire fighters in Australia by Brotherhood 

The exact origin and the history for most of the trapped components discussed here still present a puzzle. This even holds for the Q component which is generally regarded as 

---

Unraveling the Origins and History of the Outer Halo Cluster System... 

The Producing System. The questions of particular concern here are the nature of the system used to manufacture the desired substance, and the precision with which it is controlled. If the system consists of prokaryotic cells, then how well-defined is their provenance and how is their consistency demonstrated If mammalian cells are employed, their lineage must be considered. In both instances, it is important to ensure that extraneous virus, infections, DNA and less well-defined factors such as slow viruses are excluded by the origins and history of the producer strain, or because the physical (e.g., filtration) or chemical (pH, solvents, affinity separation) nature of the production process can be relied upon to exclude passage of an infectious agent. 

The distributions of trace elements between minerals and within a suite of related rocks provide powerful tools for constraining the origin and history of rocks and meteorites. Trace-element abundances for rocks typically are part of the data set collected when determining bulk compositions. Trace element compositions of minerals require more powerful techniques such as the ion microprobe or the laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS). 

Comparative evaluation of the domain structure and phylogenetic reconstruction of the sequences of [FeFe] hydrogenases still leave the challenging question of the origin and history of this enzyme in eukaryotic organisms wide open (Meyer 2007). 

Origin and History of Martinsburg Anthraxolite. The morphology of the Martinsburg anthraxolite nodules shows a history of dilation, followed by cata-clasis. Quartz and calcite evidently crystallized during the dilation of the... 

Biologic and environmental specimens should be carefully collected with rigorous QA-QC provisions and should be processed and banked in multiple aliquots with comprehensive characterization of their origin and history. 

We face a similar problem with the zinc-plated covers allegedly used to cover the ventilation ducts of the supposed gas chambers their exact origin and history is unknown. It would have been much preferable for the Cracow Institute to have analyzed samples from the walls of the alleged gas chambers instead of obtaining samples from pieces of metal ... 

What is the origin and history of the paper, especially, what is its date and place of manufacture ... 

Jersualem artichoke is native to North America, and Native Americans were the first to cultivate it — many years before the arrival of European explorers. The plant s two most frequently used common names, Jerusalem artichoke and topinambour, arose shortly after the crop s introduction into Europe in 1607 both are botanically inappropriate. H. tuberosus neither is related to the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) nor has any connection with the town of Jerusalem the latter derives from the Topinamboux, a South American tribe whose members first visited France in 1613 (Salaman, 1940). Sunchoke has been proposed as a more appropriate common name, but it has not been widely adopted. The nomenclature, origin, and history of H. tuberosus are the subject of Chapter 2. 

Huss G. R., Keil K., and Taylor G. J. (1981) The matrices of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites implications for the origin and history of chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 33-51. 

Prinz M., Keil K., Hlava P. F., Berkley J. L., Gomes C. B., and Curvello W. S. (1977) Studies of Brazilian meteorites 111. Origin and history of the Angra dos Reis achondrite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 35, 317-330. 

James O. B., Lindstrom M. M., and Flohr M. K. (1989) Ferroan anorthosite from lunar breccia 64435 implications for the origin and history of lunar ferroan anorthosites. Proc. I9th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, 219-243. 

Geiss J. (1988) Composition in Halley s comet clues to origin and history of commentary matter. Rev. Mod. Astron. 1, 1-27. 

---