Origin of the universe

At present, the most widely accepted theory for the origin and evolution of the universe to its present form is the hot big bang . It is supposed that all the matter in the universe 

Shortly thereafter, the strong nuclear force ensured that large numbers of protons and neutrons rapidly combined to form deuterium nuclei (p + n), then helium (2p -t- 2n). The process of element building had begun. During this small niche of cosmic history, from about 

10-500 s after the big bang, the entire universe is thought to have behaved as a colossal homogeneous fusion reactor converting hydrogen into helium. Previously no helium nuclei could exist — the temperature was so high that the sea 

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The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing theory of the origin of the universe, and it is based on astronomical observations. According to this theory, about 15 billion years ago all the matter and energy in the visible universe was concentrated in a small, hot, dense region, which flew apart in a gigantic explosion. 

Walker ICG, Klein C, Schidlowski M, Schopf 1W, Stevenson DJ, Walter MR (1983) Environmental Evolution of the Archean-Early Proterozoic Earth. In Schopf 1W (Ed.) Earth s Earliest Biosphere Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton pp 260-290 Weinberg S (1977) The First Three Minutes. A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. Basic Books, New York... 

Concepts Standard Model The theory of the origins of the Universe... 

One scientific theory of the origin of the universe is the much misunderstood big bang theory. 

Humans have espoused all manner of theories as to the origins of the universe—including philosophical, scientific, theological, and mystical myths, as well as just plain speculation—... 

Singh, Simon. Big Bang, The Origin of the Universe. New York HarperCollins, 2004. 

In this chapter, we reviewed the broad outlines of the Big Bang model for the origin of the universe and discussed some of the supporting observations. We showed that the Big Bang gave rise to hydrogen, helium, and some lithium, beryllium, and boron, but that other elements were produced primarily in stars. The rest of the elements were synthesized in stars via the nuclear reactions that cause the stars to shine. To understand stellar nucleosynthesis, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of stars. Astronomers use... 

Studies of old stars, such as HD140283, have been made quite recently. This star is considered to be so old that it has only about % of the oxygen and other heavier elements that the sun has. About 1000 times more beryllium has been found than possibly could be attributed to cosmic radiation, These observations were essentially confirmed by one of the early experiments using the Hubble Space Telescope. These observations will contribute to further unraveling the remaining problems pertaining to the origin of the universe. 

A. Hansen, J. Origin of the universal roughness exponent of brittle fracture surfaces stress-weighted percolation in the damage zone. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 045504 (2003)... 

Hydrogen and nuclear reactions have been at the origin of the universe. 

If God did create the world with a word, the word would have been hydrogen, said Harlow Shapley, one of the twentieth century s greatest astronomers. In our current theory of the origin of the universe, when atoms first formed out of the sea of particles created in the big bang, basic hydrogen—one electron and one proton— constituted some 92 percent of the atoms, while virtually all of the rest was helium. Today, some 15 billion years later, about 90 percent of all particles are hydrogen and 9 percent are helium.2... 

For a wonderful account of the early moments of the universe, read Steven Weinberg s The First Three Minutes A Modem View of the Origin of the Universe (New York Basic Books, 1977). 

One of the most profound aspects of ancient matter theory was its connection to creation stories. Almost all ancient societies share a common bond in explaining the origins of the universe as a story about the creation of matter from nothingness. There are usually three (water, land, and air) or four elements (water, land, air, and fire) in the first instance of creation. For example, in the Hopi tradition, Taiowa, the Creator, existed in the infinite. The infinite had no shape, time, or life except the mind of the creator. Taiowa created Sotuknang and directed Sotuknang to make from the endless space nine solid worlds. Into these worlds were added water and air. Once these were created, life could be made. 

Urey, Harold C. (1894-1981). Discovered heavy isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). Nobel Prize 1934. A leader of the Manhattan Project. Made original contributions to theories of the origin of the universe and of life processes. 

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