Organomodified MMTs

LDH layered double hydroxide, MMT montmorillonite, OLDH organomodified LDH, OMMT organomodified MMT aEach sample contain 4 g MgO, 5 g ZnO, 0.5 g stearic acid and 1 g ethylene thiourea... 

Surface-modified MMT clay is commercially available, as well as natural sodium MMT. Since FA is hydrophilic, in contrast to the hydrophobic PFA, the intercalation process was studied both with naturally occurring hydrophilic sodium MMT (NaMMT) and with an organomodified MMT (30BMMT), which is hydrophobic. 

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was also used in MMT nanocomposite foam preparation (Fu and Naguib, 2006 Weickmann et al, 2010). Organomodified MMT was used in its preparation by in situ bulk polymerization and batch foaming process with N2. The MMT acted as a heterogeneous nucleation agent in polymer matrix that reduced cell size and increased cell density. Moreover, MMT addition decreased dielectric constant and slightly increased the thermal conductivity as well as the mechanical strength due to the well-dispersed clay mineral platelets (Yeh et al., 2009). 

Poly(8-caprolactone) (PCL)/organomodified MMT nanocomposite foams prepared by chemical foaming with azodiformamide were reported in the literature. In comparison with the pristine foam, the nanocomposites presented an enhanced compressive property. By increasing clay content, the pore size decreased and the pore wall thickness ranained almost the same at low clay contents. However, at high clay contents, both parameters increased due to the change in the melt viscosity of nanocomposites and the heterogeneous nucleation behavior of the clay at low contents (Liu et al., 2009). 

Lu and Larock (2007) worked on organomodified MMTs with (4-vinylbenzyl) trie-thylammonium cation to reinforce com oil-based biopolymer. The cation conjunction process was employed to prepare nanocomposites with styrene and divinylbenzene as well as boron trifluoride diethyl etherate modified with fish oil as the initiator, resulting in higher elastic modulus and strength, fracture toughness, and better thermal stability with 2—3 wt% nanoclay inclusions. 

Khezri et al. [58] used AGET ATRP to prepare P(S-co-MMA)/MMT nanocomposites. The commercial organomodified MMT was dispersed in monomer droplets with a diameter of approximately 200 nm. The system also contained... 

Natural and organomodified MMT s have thus been researched to a significant extent as reinforcing materials for polymers due to their high aspect ratio and unique intercalation/exfoliation characteristics by a number of... 

The morphology of rubber-based nanocomposites also seems to change in the presence of compounding ingredients [89, 90]. HNBR, when melt-compounded with organo-modified sodium montmorillonite clays (o-MMTs) prior to sulfur curing, resulted in the formation of nanocomposites with exfoliated or intercalated structures. In stark contrast, under similar conditions HNBR compounded with unmodified sodium montmorillonite clays (NA) formed microcomposites [90]. This was traced to its reactivity with the sulfur in the presence of amine-type organomodifiers. 

The performance of the TPS/MMT nanocomposities using different kinds of starch have been studied. Nejad et al. [251] developed nanocomposites through the melt intercalation of nanoclays and starch esters from high amylose starch. Starch acetates (SAs) and starch propionates (SPs) were tested in combination with glycerol triacetate (triacetm) as a plasticizer for concentrations up to 30 and 20 wt %, respectively, with different types of organomodified and unmodified... 

Polyfurfiiiyl alcohol (PFA) nanocomposites were obtained by in situ polymerization of fiirfuiyl alcohol in the presence of MMT (natural and organomodified) or cellulose nanowhiskers [63]. Below 400 °C, the temperatures at the onset of... 

The most common usage concerns organomodified Montmorillonite (MMT), a natural phyUosiUcate extracted from Bentonite. Raw formula of Montmorillonite is (Na,Ca)o,3(Al, Mg)2Si40io(OH)2,nH20. 

Two types of MMT-sodium montmorillonite (Cloisite Na, Southern Clay) and an organomodified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B) -were used to prepare MMT-PFA nanocomposites, denoted as NaMMT-PFA and 30BMMT-PFA, respectively. 

Bhuyan et al. (2010) synthesized organomodified clay/conjugated low saturated soybean oil/styrene nanocomposites with different clay contents from 1 to 5 wt%. The addition of 1 wt% organo-MMT clays induced superior wear behavior and better tribological properties. Zia et al. (2011) studied the impact of bentonite clays on mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of chitin-based polyurethane nanocomposites. The tensile strength of nanocomposites increased up to 300% with 4 wt% bentonite clay inclusions. Increasing the content of bentonite clays on nanocomposite products enabled the toxicity level of nanocomposites to increase. The optimal bentonite clay content was found to be 2 wt% when used as surgical threads due to the combination of better mechanical properties and lower toxicity level. Das et al. (2013) fabricated epoxy/polyuria-modified MMT nanocomposites... 

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