Organometallic compounds 1 -alkenyl

The transmetallation of various organometallic compounds (Hg, Tl, Sn, B, Si, etc.) with Pd(II) generates the reactive cr-aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl Pd compounds. These carbopalladation products can be used without isolation for further reactions. Pd(II) and Hg(II) salts have similar reactivity toward alkenes and aromatic compounds, but Hg(II) salts form stable mercuration products with alkenes and aromatic rings. The mercuration products are isolated and handled easily. On the other hand, the corresponding palladation products are too reactive to be isolated. The stable mercuration products can be used for various reactions based on facile transmetallation with Pd(II) salts to generate the very reactive palladation products 399 and 400 in rim[364,365]. 

In Grignard reactions, Mg(0) metal reacts with organic halides of. sp carbons (alkyl halides) more easily than halides of sp carbons (aryl and alkenyl halides). On the other hand. Pd(0) complexes react more easily with halides of carbons. In other words, alkenyl and aryl halides undergo facile oxidative additions to Pd(0) to form complexes 1 which have a Pd—C tr-bond as an initial step. Then mainly two transformations of these intermediate complexes are possible insertion and transmetallation. Unsaturated compounds such as alkenes. conjugated dienes, alkynes, and CO insert into the Pd—C bond. The final step of the reactions is reductive elimination or elimination of /J-hydro-gen. At the same time, the Pd(0) catalytic species is regenerated to start a new catalytic cycle. The transmetallation takes place with organometallic compounds of Li, Mg, Zn, B, Al, Sn, Si, Hg, etc., and the reaction terminates by reductive elimination. 

Organometallic compounds of silver [2(f), 6] are restricted to the silver(I) state and are usually light, air and moisture sensitive. Simple alkyls are unstable at room temperature though some fluoroalkyls are isolable. Therefore, perfluoroisopropylsilver is stable to 60°C as a MeCN adduct. Alkenyls... 

Halogenation of alkenyl organometallic compounds Addition of hydrogen halides to triple bonds Halogenation of alkynes or allenes Addition of alkyl halides to triple bonds Addition of acyl halides to triple bonds... 

The coordination of the alkyne to the rhodium catalyst allows the carborhodation of the triple bond to afford the vinylrhodium intermediate 47 (Scheme 14). The rearrangement of this organometallic compound into the 2-(alkenyl)phenylrhodium intermediate 48 is evidenced by one deuterium incorporation resulting from the deuter-iolysis of the Rh-C bond. The addition of the phenylrhodium intermediate 45 must occur before its hydrolysis with water. The 2-(alkenyl)phenylrhodium intermediate 45, generated by the phenylrhodation of an alkyne followed by... 

Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between vinyl organometallic compounds and unactivated alkyl halides that can be usually performed with palladium, nickel and cobalt are of particular synthetic interest [37-39]. Recently, the groups of Cahiez [48] and Cossy [49] concurrently reported the first iron-catalyzed reaction of alkenyl Grignard compounds with primary and secondary alkyl halides (X=Br, I) (Scheme 5.15). The two protocols basically differ in the iron source... 

Addition reactions of three kinds of main group metal compounds, namely R—M X (carbometallation, when R are alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or allyl groups), H—M X (hydrometallation with metal hydrides) and R—M —M"—R (dimetallation with dimetal compounds) to alkenes and alkynes, are important synthetic routes to useful organometallic compounds. Some reactions proceed without a catalyst, but many are catalysed by transition metal complexes. 

Heiss, C. Marzi, E. Schlosser, M. Buttressing effects rerouting the deprotonation and functionalization of 1,3-dichloro- and 1,3-dibromo-benzene. Eur J. Org. Chem. 2003, 4625 -629. Murahashi, S.-I. Naota, T. Tanigawa, Y. Palla-dium-phosphine-complex-catalyzed reaction of organometallic compounds and alkenyl halides (Z)-/j-[2-( N,. -di rn ethyl ami no) pheriyl]-styrene. Org. Synth. 1990, Coll. Vol. VII, 172— 176. 

The most important substrates for substitutions of this type are alkenyl and aryl triflates, bromides, or iodides (Sections 16.1-16.4). The most important organometallic compounds to be introduced into the substrates contain Cu, Mg, B, Zn or Sn. The metal-bound C atom can be sp2-, sp2-, or. sp-hybridized in these compounds, and each of these species, in principle, is capable of reacting with unsaturated substrates. Organocopper compounds often (Section 16.1, 16.2), but not always substitute without the need for a catalyst (Section 16.4.5). Grignard compounds substitute in the presence of catalytic amounts of Ni complexes (Section 16.3), while organoboron (Section 16.4.2), organozinc (Section 16.4.3) and organotin (Section 16.4.4) compounds are typically reacted in the presence of Pd complexes (usually Pd(PPhj)4). 

Palladium-Catalyzed Alkenylations and Arylations of Organometallic Compounds... 

The stereoselective synthesis of alkenes is basically a solved problem. Nowadays, all kinds of alkenes can be synthesized irrespective of whether their double bond is isolated or conjugated with another C=C double bond, a C=C triple bond, or an aromatic ring. This state of affairs is largely due to the discovery and the development of a number of palladium-catalyzed alkenylation and arylation reactions of organometallic compounds. 

These boronic esters are easily hydrolyzed to give /ra .v-alkenylboronic acids with complete retention of their stereochemistry (C in Figure 16.15). Alkenylboronic esters and alkenylboronic acids are organometallic compounds that can be alkenylated and arylated in Pd-catalyzed reactions (Section 16.4.2). Aside from this, the iraws-alkenylboronic acid esters as well as the /rau.v-alkenylboronic acids are valuable precursors of haloalkenes (Figure 16.15). 

---