Organizational distance

Fig. 8.4. Overcoming geographical distance in an image workflow (connecting left and middle sites) is much easier than overcoming organizational distance in which images are exchanged between independent organizations (middle and right sites)...

This organizational distance typically is more difficult to overcome than geographical distance. 

The present study, however, raises serious questions concerning the alleged rationality of risk expertise. As demonstrated in the study risk expertise does not exist in an institutional vacuiun as it is dependent on feedback finm the risk sources. Because the organizational distance fi om risk source to risk expertise is long, clear and efficient communication channels for feedback finm risk sources to risk expertise is vital in order for the risk experts to assess the risks correctly. But as evidenced in the present smdy many factors affect the efficiency of these communication... 

The properties of membranes commonly studied by fluorescence techniques include motional, structural, and organizational aspects. Motional aspects include the rate of motion of fatty acyl chains, the head-group region of the phospholipids, and other lipid components and membrane proteins. The structural aspects of membranes would cover the orientational aspects of the lipid components. Organizational aspects include the distribution of lipids both laterally, in the plane of the membrane (e.g., phase separations), and across the membrane bilayer (phospholipid asymmetry) and distances from the surface or depth in the bilayer. Finally, there are properties of membranes pertaining to the surface such as the surface charge and dielectric properties. Fluorescence techniques have been widely used in the studies of membranes mainly since the time scale of the fluorescence lifetime coincides with the time scale of interest for lipid motion and since there are a wide number of fluorescence probes available which can be used to yield very specific information on membrane properties. 

Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Monolayer organizates are particularly suited for the investigation of photoinduced electron transfer, since the molecules are fixed and the distance between the planes at which the donor and the acceptor molecules, respectively, are located can be well defined. Therefore, complex monolayers have been arranged in order to study the distance dependence of electron transfer in these systems (2, 20). This strategy has also been used to elucidate the relative contributions of electron injection and energy transfer mechanisms in the spectral sensitization of silver bromide (21). 

Wherever possible, there should be a continuous secondary barrier for the entire pipeline system, in the form of jacket pipes, collecting basins, and channels. In some cases, this is not possible because it would impede cathodic corrosion protection or because differential expansion of the pipe and outer jacket threaten the systan. The secondary barrier can then only consist of intensive organizational and operative backup measures shorter inspection periods, shorter distances between shutoff points to limit possible losses, more elaborate provisions for leak detection, continual ronote monitoring of the pipeline systan, both internally and externally, equipment for tackling anergency events and catastrophes, contingency plans, and so forth. 

Dunlap is a published writer on such topics as Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) compliance. Department of Transportation compliance, behavior-based safety, and organizational safety culture. His work has appeared in Professional Safety, the Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, the Journal of Emergency Medical Services, and World Grain Magazine. His most substantial work has been the publication of textbooks on motor carrier safety and auditing. His current research is in the area of industry leader development and involvement in workplace safety leadership. 

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