Organization culture levels

According to Schein (Roughton Crutchfield, 2013 US DOE, 2009a), three organization culture levels should be considered ... 

Hellstrand With regard to the question of what ryanodine is doing, if you put it onto a muscle it eliminates most SR Ca2+ release, because it opens up the SR Ca2+ channels and there is some level of communication between the stores. If you put ryanodine there you essentially kill InsP3-induced responses as well. In organ culture we have found that if you culture in the presence of ryanodine for a couple of days, the InsP3-induced release reappears, whereas there is still no ryanodine-induced release, and Ca2+ waves occur (Dreja et al 2001). We know that mitochondrial activity affects the properties of Ca2+ waves, so there is a Ca2+-dependent modulation of SR release on this level which thus presumably involves InsP3 receptors and not RyRs. It is very hard to distinguish these two receptor populations in the way they interact on the SR. 

The state of the art of aquatic organism culture has been inadequate to this challenge. Only recently (9) has the level of control been sufficient... 

In vitro systems with varying levels of complexity have been used to study xenobiotic metabolism. These include purified proteins, subcellular fractions/cell lysates, intact whole cells, tissue slices and whole organ culture. Advantages and disadvantages of the approaches are summarized below. 

The early approaches employed to boost secondary metabolite yields using in vitro plant cell or organ cultures included, selection of nutrient regimes, choice of culture systems and conditions, level of plant growth regulators, cell line selection, precursor feeding, culture elicitation, removal of end-product, culture differentiation, etc. These were successfully followed by the application of recombinant DNA... 

Determination of exposure and toxic effects of chemicals also requires knowledge of toxicokinetics. Toxicokinetics is the study of changes in the levels of toxic chemicals and their metabolites over time in various fluids, tissues, and excreta of the body, and determines mathematical relationships to explain these processes. These processes depend upon uptake rates and doses, metabolism, excretion, internal transport, and tissue distribution. Methods for determining these processes include studies with laboratory animals, volunteer human subjects, persons accidentally exposed to high doses of chemicals, and experiments with tissue or organs cultured in the laboratory. Computer simulations of such processes are often formulated using complex mathematical equations. 

A wide variety of data firom many laboratories indicates that the liver is a major source of somatomedin peptides. This has been demonstrated directly in studies of isolated perfused livers (F3, K13, MIO, P9, S9, S2I, W6), fetal (D14, R5) and adult (B25, S13) liver in organ culture, rat liver cell lines (M5, M26, S27), and primary hepatocyte cultures (K14, S22, S28). Tliese studies are supported by the observations that partial hepatectomy (U3) or liver disease (S14, T5) results in low circulating somatomedin activity. It has not always been clear, however, which members of the somatomedin family were being assayed in some of these studies, due to the broad specificity of the assays used (see Section 5). For example, whereas it has been well established that the BRL (buffalo rat liver) cell line, and fetal rat liver in organ culture (R5), produce peptides of the MSA or IGF-II family (M5, M26), it is not known whether normal adult liver produces IGF-II. Indeed, production of SM-G/IGF-I by adult liver has been demonstrated specifically in only two studies. In these, Schwander et al. (S21) found that a S-labeled product from perfused liver could be immunoprecipitated with an IGF-I antiserum, and Scott et al. (S22) used a specific SM-C/IGF-I RIA to demonstrate production of the peptide by adult hepatocytes in primary culture. In both studies, the measured hepatic production rate was calculated to be sufficient to account fully for circulating SM-C/IGF-I levels. 

Plant cell, tissue, and organ culture can be performed by either solid or liquid culture methods, however, in order to scale up the culture to the level of industrial processes, the liquid culture method must be employed. 

The diversity of products, organizations, culture, and social and political frameworks focusing on a product-specific absolute quantity seemed to make it virtually impossible to achieve a uniform and globally accepted definition of Quality. However, in the 1970s, the term Quality was normed for the first time as a term in the concept of quality management (European Organization for Quality Control 1972). In the 80s the ISO 9000-Standard was established and defined quality based on former definitions like the compliance of requirements to test nominal and actual conditions of a product. After revisions the norm ISO 9000 2000 came up with a definition, which was adopted by the CIRP Dictionary of Production Engineering 2004, that defined quality as the totality of properties and characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs. The present definition set by the ISO 9000 2005 states that quality represents the level in which a set of inherent product characteristics meets the customers demands. This definition includes, but is not limited to, physical products or immaterial services and addresses processes and systems as well (Eig. 1). 

Hilton, M. G. and Rhodes, M. J. C. (1994) The effeet of varying levels of Gamborg s B5 salts and temperature on the accumulation of starch and hyoscyamine in batch cultures of transformed roots of Datura stramorrium. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 38,45-51. 

Studies on the metabolism of cyclic nitrosamines in organ culture systems have been carried out on NPYR, NPIP, NNN, and A, 7V -dinitrosopiperazine (DNP). In cultured human bronchi, NPYR, NPIP, and, to a lesser extent, DNP, were metabolized to CO2 178). All three nitrosamines were bound to protein and DNA of the bronchial explants. In cultured human colon, NPYR and DNP were metabolized to CO2 and were bound to DNA and protein (75). Low levels of binding were observed for NNN and NPIP. 

The last component of the DDSC is the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). In this area, as it can be seen in Fig. 7.9, both Uruguay and USA currently have a basic push operation (level 1), which can be translated as a lack of an organization culture that foster innovation. Brazil is already in an optimized push performance (level 2) regarding PLM. For future performance, all operations target to become an optimized Push-Pull (level 3), where PLM is implemented for both new product introduction and portfolio optimization. 

Silveira, V. Floh, E.I.S. Handro, W. Guerra, M.P. (2004). Effect of plant growth regulators on the cellular growth and levels of intracellular proteins, starch and polyamines in embryogenic suspension cultures of Pinus taeda. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol 76, No. 1, pp 53-60, ISSN 0167-6857. 

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