Organic three-layer

Single and parallel dual-membrane structures are successfully prepared by using multilayer flow such as organic/aqueous two-layer flow and organic/aqueous/organic three-layer flow inside a microchannel, and this method can be applied to the preparation of surface-modified polymer membranes (Fig. 42). For example, horseradish peroxidase is immobilized on one side of the membrane surface, and this enzyme-modified membrane realizes substrate permeation and a subsequent reaction. 

Fig. 42 Channel patterns and cross-sectional views of the nylon membrane prepared inside a microchannel. (a) Single membrane formed under organic/aqueous two-layer flow, (b) Parallel dual membranes formed under organic/aqueous/organic three-layer flow...

Figure 23. Artificial muscle formed by a three-layer polypyrrole-nonconducting tape-polypyrrole. The consumed charge works two times in this device when polypyrrole I is oxidized (anodic process), pushing the free end of the layer, polypyrrole II is reduced (cathodic process), trailing the layer. Stresses at the polymer/polymer interfaces are summarized in the box. (Reprinted from Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, H. S.Nalwa,ed., Vol. 4,1997, Figs. 10.13,10.15a, 10.18,10.36. Reproducedwithpermission of John Wiley Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK.)...

Of the three extraterrestrial targets in our solar system, the Saturnian moon Titan is the least likely to provide signs of life. To quote Christopher McKay from the NASA Ames Research Center, Titan is an interesting world. For example, its organic haze layer could be an example of the prebiotic chemistry which led to life on Earth . Direct links to extraterrestrial life have not, however, yet been found, as water (one of the main preconditions for life) has not been detected on Titan, apart from traces of water vapour in the higher layers of the Titanian atmosphere (Brack, 2002). 

C Adachi, S Tokito, T Tsutsui, and S Saito, Electroluminescence in organic films with three-layer structure, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 27(Part 2) L269-L271, 1988. 

The equilibrium may be such that 70% of the product is extracted into the organic solvent. This means that 30% of the product will remain in the aqueous layer. To extract more of the product, the aqueous layer must be extracted with another volume of organic solvent. Therefore the aqueous layer is returned to the separating funnel and a fresh volume of organic solvent is used to extract 70% of the remaining 30% of the product. Usually this process will be repeated two or three times to maximise the yield of the product. The organic solvent layer is sometimes washed with a fresh volume of water to ensure that as many impurities as possible are removed from the organic solvent layer. 

MLF are composed of a number of computational elements, called neurons, generally organized in three layers (Marini, 2009). In the first one, the input layer, there are usually N neurons which correspond to the original predictor. The predictors are scaled (generally range scaled). When the number of original predictors is very high, the PCs may be used, in order to reduce the data amount and the computational time. 

DNA is precipitated, the solution must be deproteinized. This is brought about by treatment with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol followed by centrifugation. Upon centrifugation, three layers are produced an upper aqueous phase, a lower organic layer, and a compact band of denatured protein at the interface between the aqueous and organic phases. Chloroform causes surface denaturation of proteins. Isoamyl alcohol reduces foaming and stabilizes the interface between the aqueous phase and the organic phases where the protein collects. 

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