Organic molecules drawing structures

Given a Lewis structure of an organic molecule, draw its condensed formula and line drawing. 

For each of the following organic molecules draw a Lewis structure in which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other by single bonds (a) C2H5, (b) C4H10. (c) C5FIi2- For (b) and (c), show only structures in which each C atom is bonded to no more than two other C atoms. 

For each of the following organic molecules draw a Lewis structure in which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other by... 

With practice writing structural formulas for organic molecules soon becomes rou tine and can be simplified even more For example a chain of carbon atoms can be rep resented by drawing all of the C—C bonds while omitting individual carbons The result mg structural drawings can be simplified still more by stripping away the hydrogens... 

Quinone, C6H4On is an organic molecule with the structure shown below it can be reduced to the anion C(iI l4Or. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of the reduced product, (b) On the basis of formal charges derived from the Lewis structure, predict which atoms in the molecule are most negatively charged, (c) If two protons are added to the reduced product, where are they most likely to bond ... 

The following names of organic molecules are incorrect. Draw line structures and determine the correct systematic name for (a) 4-methyl-3-propvlheptane (b) 4,6-dimethyloctane ... 

The more complicated the organic molecule, the more important it is that you draw the molecular structure so you can visualize the molecule. In the case of straight-chain alkanes, the simplest of all organic molecules, you can remember a convenient formula for calculating the number of hydrogen atoms in the alkane without actually drawing the chain ... 

We can see the different structural features of n-pentane, Ao-pentane, and neo-pentane more clearly by drawing the molecules in two dimensions, as shown in the middle row of Figure 12.1. Alternatively, we can represent them by the stick structures shown in the bottom row. A stick structure is a commonly used, shorthand notation for representing an organic molecule. Each line (stick)... 

Draw structural formulas from all of the 3D Models of the examples of the families of organic molecules in eChapter 23.8. Circle the functional group in each of the molecules. Which families do you expect to exhibit hydrogen bonding ... 

Figure 14.11. Construction of biopolymer with HyperChem. Two menus are available for creating 3D structure models in HyperChem. The Build menu provides tools for creating organic molecules. Use the Drawing tool to sketch atoms in a molecule and connect them with covalent bonds. Invoke the Model builder to create a 3D structure from the 2D sketch. The Databases menu offers tools for creating biopolymers from residues with user specified linkages and conformations—that is, polysaccharides from monosaccharides, polypeptides form amino acids, and polynucleotides from nucleotides. A double-stranded DNA chain, for example, is constructed from nucleotide residues in a desired conformation (the inset).

There are various ways to drawing structures of organic molecules. A molecule like ethane can be drawn showing every C-C and C-H bond. However, this becomes difficult particularly with more complex molecules, and it is much easier to miss out the C-H bonds ... 

What happens to glucose oxidase upon absorption can be understood in terms of the actual structure of an enzyme. Enzymes are relatively complex, and their structures as organic molecules are difficult to draw. However, it is possible to make a representation, although much is lost in the absence of a three-dimensional model. A diagram due to L. Sawyer (1991) of the enzyme p-lactoglobulin is shown in Fig. 1423. 

We will see later how the interpretation of organic structures as hydrocarbon frameworks supporting functional groups helps us to understand and rationalize the reactions of organic molecules. It also helps us to devise simple, clear ways of representing molecules on paper. You saw in Chapter 1 how we represented molecules on paper, and in the next section we shall teach you ways to draw (and ways not to draw) molecules—the handwriting of chemistry. This section is extremely important, because it will teach you how to communicate chemistry, clearly and simply, throughout your life as a chemist. 

Now that we have considered how to draw structures, we can return to some of the structural types that we find in organic molecules. Firstly, we ll talk about hydrocarbon frameworks, then about functional groups. 

It is often convenient to refer to a chain of carbon atoms by a name indicating its length. You have probably met some of these names before in the names of the simplest organic molecules, the alkanes. There are also commonly used abbreviations for these names these can be very useful in both writing about chemistry and in drawing chemical structures, as we shall see shortly. 

Having urged you, in the last chapter, to draw structures realistically, we now need to answer the question what is realistic How do we know what structures molecules actually have Make no mistake about this important point we really do know what shape molecules have. You wouldn t be far wrong if you said that the single most important development in organic chemistry in modern times is just this certainty, as well as the speed with which we can be certain. What has caused this revolution can be stated in a word—spectroscopy. 

Despite the vast array of tools available today for structure drawing and representation, each tool is lacking in some way for the representation of complete structure space. Small organic molecules have been well supported, but the needs... 

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