Organic matter refractoriness

E. Production of Refractory Soil Organic Matter From Rhizodeposits... 

Conceptual cartoon of the various pools of refractory, semilabile, and labile DOC in the open ocean. Source-. From Carlson, C. A. (2002). Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissoived Organic Matter, Academic Press, pp. 91-151. 

PMF has successfully been applied to data from aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica) for identification of the main sources of particulate organic matter, OM [9,12, 39], AMS instruments allow measurement of the mass spectra of the non-refractory fraction of approximately PM1 with high temporal resolution and determination of the concentration of particulate OM, which can be converted to OC by multiplication by a conversion factor [40]. 

Bertilsson, S., and B. Allard. 1996. Sequential photochemical and microbial degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter in a humic freshwater system. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 48 133-141. 

Miller, W. L., and M. A. Moran. 1997. Interaction of photochemical and microbial processes in the degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter from a coastal marine environment. Limnology and Oceanography 42 1317-1324. 

Ogawa, H., Y. Amagai, I. Koike, K. Kaiser, and R. Benner. 2001. Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria. Science 292 917—920. 

A number of studies have detected Maillard reaction products (melanoidins) in refractory organic matter from natural environments—for example, from sediments from a west African upwelling (Zegouagh et al., 1999) and archeological plant remains (Evershed et al., 1997). Poirer et al. (2000,2002) and Quenea et al. (2006a) showed that the refractory organic matter isolated from different soils consists in part of cross-linked melanoidins poorly resolved by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The presence of amide structures in soil as elucidated by 15N NMR is ascribed to either preserved proteinacious structures or melanoidin-type macromolecules (Derenne and Largeau, 2001). 

Zegouagh, Y., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Betrand, P., Sicre, M-.A., Shot, A., and Rousseau, B. (1999). Refractory organic matter in sediments from the north-west African upwelling system Abundance, chemical structure and origin. Org. Geochem. 30,83-99. 

The AOC contributes to the microbiological dimension of DOM characterization, the assessment of bacterial growth, and the biological availability of the organic matter. This information is of special value with respect to the refractory character of DOM and its nutritional character for microorganisms. 

Schulten, H.-R., Leinweber, R, and Jandl, G. (2002). Analytical pyrolysis of humic substances and dissolved organic matter in water. In Refractory Organic Substances (ROS) in the Environment, Frimmel, F. H., Abbt-Braun, G., Heumann, K. G., Hock, B., Ludemann, H.-D., and Spiteller, M., eds., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 163-187. 

Hertkorn, N., Benner, R., Frommberger, M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Witt, M., Kaiser, K., Kettrup. A., and Hedges, J. I. (2006). Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 2990-3010. 

Yamashita, Y., and Tanoue, E. (2008). Production of bio-refractory fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the ocean interior. Nature Geosci., doi 10.1038/ngeo279. 

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