Refractory organic substances

Photoredox processes with colloidal semiconductor particles as photo-catalyst, e.g. degradation of refractory organic substances... 

Kopinke, F. D., A. Georgi, K. MacKenzie. 2000. Sorption and chemical reactions of PAHs with dissolved humic substances. Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment (ROSE) 11 35. 

Abbt-Braun, G., and Frimmel, F. H. (2002). The relevance of reference materials—Isolation and general characterisation. In Refractory Organic Substances (ROS) in the Environment, Frimmel,F. H., Abbt-Braun, G., Heumann, K. G., Hock, B., Ludemann,H.-D., and Spiteller, M., eds., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 1-37. 

Hesse, S., and Frimmel, F. H. (1999). Biochemical characterization of refractory organic substances. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 27, 94-97. 

Heumann, K. G., Marx, G., Radlinger, G., and Vogl, J. (2002). Heavy metal and halogen interactions with fractions of refractory organic substances separated by size exclusion... 

Hesse S, Kleiser G, Frimmel FH (1999) Characteri2ation of Refractory Organic Substances (ROS) in Water Treatment, Water Sci. Technol. 40, No. 9 1-7. 

Haiber S., Herzog H., Buddms J., Burba P., and Lambert J. (2002) Quantification of substmctures of refractory organic substances by means of nuclear magnetic resonance. In Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment (eds. F. H. Frimmel, G. Abbt-Braun, K. G. Heumann, B. Hock,... 

Lankes U. and Liidemann H.-D. (2002) Structural characterization of refractory organic substances by solid-state... 

Passive films (corrosion) Photoredox processes with colloidal semiconductor particles as photocatalyst (e.g., degradation of refractory organic substances) Photoelectrochemistry (e.g., photoredox processes at semiconductor electrodes)... 

Synchronically, new forms of OM are synthesised by bacteria. The combined processes lead to the formation of the refractory organic substance — water humus — in particulate and dissolved state. This surely occurred initially in the Precambrian period with blue-green algae and bacteria in water reservoirs under anoxic conditions (Rutten, 1971). As shown by experiments, the degree of decomposition of the OM of dead hydrobionts under such conditions was less. That is why more organic residues settled on the bottom of the reservoir. Naturally this influenced the further transformation of OM in sediments and the accumulation of oil precursors their concentration in the anaerobic conditions of the Precambrian must have been... 

Frimmel FH, Abbt-Braun G, Heumann KG et al. (eds.) (2002) Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment. Weinheim Wiley-VCH. 

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