Organic liquids, water

A. For viscous streamline flow of organic liquids, water... 

Organic liquids, Water MRH Aniline 2.76/7, benzene 2.76/7, diethyl... 

Table 39—Displacement Pressures for Organic Liquid-Water-Solid Interface Systems. (Bartell and Osterhof, 1927)...

Understanding chemical reactivity at liquid interfaces is important because in many systems the interesting and relevant chemistry occurs at the interface between two immiscible liquids, at the liquid/solid interface and at the free liquid (liquid/vapor) interface. Examples are reactions of atmospheric pollutants at the surface of water droplets[6], phase transfer catalysis[7] at the organic liquid/water interface, electrochemical electron and ion transfer reactions at liquidAiquid interfaces[8] and liquid/metal and liquid/semiconductor Interfaces. Interfacial chemical reactions give rise to changes in the concentration of surface species, but so do adsorption and desorption. Thus, understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of adsorption and desorption is an important subject as well. 

Some general trends for organic liquid/water distribution coefficients, exist... 

Therefore, monopolar solute values vary significantly between different organic liquid/water systems in a predicable way. As shown above, the complementary H-donor functionality of chloroform increases the distribution coefficient of acetone (an H-acceptor) by a factor of 10. Therefore, chloroform would be the better solvent for the extraction of acetone from water. 

It is always advisable to measure the distribution coefficient for the specific liquid/ liquid extraction before designing a full treatment system however, for a preliminary trade-off study between different treatment alternatives, this may not be practical. In addition, the selection of the extraction solvent would be facilitated if we could narrow the choices to a subset of organic solvents. There are a number of organic liquid/water distribution coefficients, available in the literature however, by far the system... 

Environmental Factors Affecting Organic Liquid/Water Distribution Coefficients... 

Log F values have been studied in approximately 100 organic liquid-water systems. As it is virtually impossible to determine lop F in a realistic biological medium, the octanol-water system has been widely adopted as a model of the hpid phase. While there has been much debate about the suitability of this system, it is the most widely used in pharmaceutical studies. Octanol and water are immiscible, but some water does dissolve in octanol in a hydrated state. This... 

This relation is found to be only an approximate value for such systems as fluorocarbon-water or hydrocarbon-water interfaces, and not applicable to polar organic liquid-water interfaces. The effect of additives such as n-alkanols on the interfacial tension of aUcane-water interfaces has been investigated in much detail. ... 

Log P values have been studied in approximately 100 organic liquid-water systems. Since it is virtually impossible to determine log P in a realistic biological medium, the octanol-water system has been widely adopted as a model of the lipid phase (Leo et al. 1971). Whilst there has been much debate about the suitability of this system (see, e.g., Dearden and Bres-nen 1988), it is the most widely used in pharmaceutical studies. Octanol and water are immiscible, but some water does dissolve in octanol in a hydrated state. This hydrated state contains 16 octanol aggregates, with the hydroxyl head groups surrounded by trapped aqueous solution. Lipophilic (unionized) species dissolve in the aliphatic regions of the octanol, whilst ionized species (see below) are drawn to the polar regions (Franks et al. 1993). The partitioning of solutes in different solvent systems has been reported by El-Tayar et al. (1991). 

A variation on this technique is twin ebulliometers. In this technique, two matched ebulliometers are connected to the same external pressure at the top of the condenser. A standard substance with accurately known vapor pressure is placed in one ebulliometer and the test sample in the other. When steady boiling is attained in both sides, they are at the same pressure. Pressure is not measured directly rather the two boiling temperatures are measured. Pressure is established by converting the boihng point of the standard to pressure using a previously determined relationship. For organic liquids, water, benzene, or decane are often used as standards. 

A systematic comparative study was conducted by Yao and Zhou (96) to investigate the oscillation behavior of a piezoelectric crystal immersed in various liquid systems Including organic liquids, water/organic mixed solvents, and aqueous solutions of various electrolytes. It was found that, for a crystal to oscillate in the liquid phase, it is necessary to maintain the temperature at a level higher than a critical temperature at which the crystal ceases to oscillate. Expressions for the frequency shifts in different liquids were derived, and the general equation proposed... 

Fluorocarbon—hydrocarbon near critical mixing temperature Liquid metal-liquid metal Hydrogen-bonded organic liquid—water Non-polar saturated organic—water Aromatic hydrocarbon/water... 

Brusseau, M. L. 1992. Rate-Limited Mass Transfer and Transport of Organic Solutes in Porous Media that Contain Immobile Immiscible Organic Liquid, Water Resources Research, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 33— 45. 

B.M. Teo, M. Ashokkumar, F. Grieser, Sonochemical polymerisation of miniemulsions in organic liquids/water mixtures. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 4095-4102 (2011)... 

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