Organic chemistry, 11 table

Another marked physical difference between sulphides and sulphoxides (or sulphones) is that sulphoxides (and lower alkyl sulphones) are hygroscopic and dissolve quite readily in water or protic solvents such as alcohols, and even more so lower alkyl or alkyl aryl sulphoxides are almost freely miscible with water. This can be accounted for by the formation of the strong hydrogen bond between the S—O bond in the sulphoxides and water molecules. Moreover, lower alkyl sulphoxides and sulphones such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or sulpholene can dissolve a number of metallic salts, especially those of alkali and alkaline earth metals, and hence these compounds have been widely utilized as versatile and convenient solvents in modern organic chemistry (Table 3). 

Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry Table 6.1 Some typical 19F-proton couplings. 

Enzymes increasingly have been found to catalyze almost any reaction of organic chemistry. Table 1.4 provides examples for a series of reactions. 

Halt enation— The introduction of halogens into Mannich bases is usually carried out according to the well-known synthetic methods of organic chemistry (Table 30). In particular, the replacement of hydrogen atoms in the a or a position of P-aminoketones is performed with the aim of controlling the regioselcctivity of the reaction" ... 

Metal enolates as synthons in organic chemistry TABLE 6. Arylations via cyclohexanone stannyl enolates (68)... 

High-Resolution NMR Techniques in Organic Chemistry Table 1.2. The principal correlations established through NMR techniques ... 

This activity (page 308) is a good one to introduce nomenclature and some basic principles of organic chemistry. Tables 10.1 and 10.2 show the names, molecular formulae and structural formulae of the first five alkanes and the first four alkenes, so go slightly beyond the typical requirements for upper secondary chemistry. 

SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TABLE 2.1. A Portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum... 

Thus, it has been possible to attribute a bond energy to a large number of bonds - particularly in the domain of organic chemistry. Table 4.3 shows a number of such values, expressed in kJ/mole. 

The cyclohexane ring is one of the most common and important structural units in organic chemistry. Its substituted derivatives exist in many natural products (see Section 4-7), and an understanding of its conformational mobility is an important aspect of organic chemistry. Table 4-2 reveals that, within experimental error, cyclohexane is unusual in that it is free of bond-angle or eclipsing strain. Why ... 

This class of reactions has been extensively studied, both experimentally and using ab initio methods and is one of the archetypal reactions of physical organic chemistry. Table 11.2 shows that the gas-phase internal barriers (Aft/) of symmetrical methyl group transfers are strongly dependent on the nature of the reactants. Additionally, the rates of the asymmetric reactions may change by ten orders of magnitude with the polarity of the solvent [6],... 

Students often find it difficult to remember which name goes with which condensation and what each one yields. And of course, there are many more of these reactions, all of whose discoverers wanted to be immortalized to (or cursed by) every new student of organic chemistry. Table 17.1 summarizes the condensations we have seen so far. The names are important only insofar as they make it easier to look up reactions. There are some key pointers that will make the study of these processes easier ... 

The largest number of programs have been designed to model only a select type of chemistry, such as heterocyclic chemistry, phosphorous compounds, or DNA. A number of programs have been constructed to describe organic chemistry in general. There has been very little work toward full periodic table systems. 

Table 1. Reaciivicy of reducing agents towards functional groups (adapted from J. B. Hendrickson, O. J. Cram, and G. S. Hammond, Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill 1970, with modi(icaiiotis. ...

So far we have emphasized structure in terms of electron bookkeeping We now turn our attention to molecular geometry and will see how we can begin to connect the three dimensional shape of a molecule to its Lewis formula Table 1 6 lists some simple com pounds illustrating the geometries that will be seen most often m our study of organic chemistry... 

Section 8 1 Nucleophilic substitution is an important reaction type m synthetic organic chemistry because it is one of the mam methods for functional group transformations Examples of synthetically useful nucleophilic sub stitutions were given m Table 8 1 It is a good idea to return to that table and review its entries now that the details of nucleophilic substitution have been covered... 

The most apparent chemical property of carboxylic acids their acidity has already been examined m earlier sections of this chapter Three reactions of carboxylic acids—con version to acyl chlorides reduction and esterification—have been encountered m pre vious chapters and are reviewed m Table 19 5 Acid catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids IS one of the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and this portion of the chapter begins with an examination of the mechanism by which it occurs Later m Sec tions 19 16 and 19 17 two new reactions of carboxylic acids that are of synthetic value will be described... 

New The continuing positive response to the gen erous use of tables m Organic Chemistry has en couraged us to create new ones The new tables are... 

In computational chemistry it can be very useful to have a generic model that you can apply to any situation. Even if less accurate, such a computational tool is very useful for comparing results between molecules and certainly lowers the level of pain in using a model from one that almost always fails. The MM+ force field is meant to apply to general organic chemistry more than the other force fields of HyperChem, which really focus on proteins and nucleic acids. HyperChem includes a default scheme such that when MM+ fails to find a force constant (more generally, force field parameter), HyperChem substitutes a default value. This occurs universally with the periodic table so all conceivable molecules will allow computations. Whether or not the results of such a calculation are realistic can only be determined by close examination of the default parameters and the particular molecular situation. ... 

Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry. This reference (55) is one of the most significant collections of data in organic chemistry. The physical and chemical properties of organic compounds are tabulated in more than 500 fields. Most of these fields are searchable, and a sample of the record for chlorobenzene [108-90-7] is shown in Table 3. 

The derivatives of the aminophenols have important uses both in the photographic and the pharmaceutical industries. They are also extensively employed as precursors and intermediates in the synthesis of more compHcated molecules, especially those used in the staining and dye industry. All of the major classes of dyes have representatives that incorporate substituted aminophenols these compounds produced commercially as dye intermediates have been reviewed (157). Details of the more commonly encountered derivatives of the aminophenols can be found in standard organic chemistry texts (25,158). A few examples, which have specific uses or are manufactured in large quantities, are discussed in detail in the following (see Table 6). 

Calorimetry has been used to measure the rate of reaction for several tertiary amines with benzoyl peroxide [48]. The relative rate results are in line with the predictions from general organic chemistry. The rates given in Table 4, see also Scheme 7, are based on A/,A/-dimethylaniline = 1.00. 

---