Organic alkali

L. Wang, Y. Ishida, H. Ohtani and S. Tsuge, Characterisation of natural resin shellac by reactive pyrolysis gas chromatography in the presence of organic alkali, Anal. Chem., 71, 1316 1322 (1999). 

Constitution and Properties.—Quinin is one of the more powerful organic alkalies. It generally appears, whan pure, as an amorphous, resinous mass, of a dull whits color. Its formula is—CM Hw Na Ot -(- 6 aq. It may also be obtained in six-sided prismatic crystals, which ore a hydrate, containing six equivalents, or 10 5 per cent, of water, which are lost on fusion. 

Due to the need for an extensive pretreatment of the feedstock mineral, those aqueous processes which use direct carbonation could in fact be considered as indirect. As an alternative to energy-intensive pretreatment, several groups worldwide have embarked on methods to either dissolve or leach the Mg or Ca from minerals or industrial byproducts and wastes, by using strong or weak acids (mineral or organic), alkali solutions, or ligands. [101-105]. An example of this is the process route developed by Kakizawa et al. [50] in Japan (see Section 14.3.3.2). 

Structure and bonding in organic alkali metal compounds... 

Whereas ionization and dissociation are clearly defined processes on the left side of Scheme 35, the situation is more complicated for carbanionic systems (Scheme 35, right). Organic alkali metal compounds, for example, which often exist as aggregates, are often described as covalent species with a certain percentage of ionic character [140-142]. If the formal carbanion is a resonance-stabilized species (e.g, diphenylmethyl lithium or sodium), the species with the closest interaction between the organic fragment and the metal is usually called a contact ion pair. In... 

Use As a strong organic alkali, organic intermediate, soap and cosmetic products. 

To minimize the corrosion and scale problems associated with inorganic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, Berger and Lee (2006) proposed an organic alkali. The organic alkali is derived from the sodium salts of certain weak polymer acids. They demonstrated the following benehts by using the organic alkali in the laboratory ... 

Organic alkali performed equally well in softened and hard brines. It did not form precipitates with divalents such as calcium and magnesium. 

Organic alkali was as effective as inorganic alkali in obtaining low IFT. 

Organic alkali did not reduce the effect of polymer in increasing the injected fluid viscosity and improved polymer performance in hard waters. 

Berger, P.D., Lee, C.H., 2006. Improved ASP process using organic alkali. Paper SPE 99581 presented at the 2006 SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 22—26 April. 

In view of these preconditions, it was obvious to use anionic initiators. With the lithium alkyls used by Wei—for example, butyllithium or other organic alkali compounds—only insoluble thermoplastic products are obtained, even at — 80 °C in both THF and toluene because these initiators are too reactive. The reactions that take place include attack by the metallo-organic compound and the already metallized cyanoprene (or the metallized polymer) on the nitrile groups of both monomer and polymer. 

A further possibility consists of subjecting the catalyst to incipient polymerization with small quantities of styrene, isoprene, or butadiene (organic alkali compounds also can be used for this purpose), then adding dropwise a mixture of cyanoprene and selected monomers at low temperatures. If no incipient polymerization takes place, metallo-organic catalysts will only give a homopolymerization of the cyanoprene. 

Water-soluble silicate, containing an organic alkaline cation, can be obtained by interaction of quaternary organic ammonium base salts and amorphous silica. The relationship of Si02 to the organic base is 1.65 1 for DBUS and 2.0 1 for DBNS. It should be noted that the soluble organic alkali silicates, for example, tetrabutylam-monium silicate (TBAS) is also used as a component of self-extinction binder. 

Production of Highly Pure Organic Alkali (Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide)... 

It is always mixtures of oxides that are reported to be active catalysts for higher alcohols, or metals with promoters alkalized iron and cobalt are examples of the latter type. The addition of alkali promoters, of which hydroxides, carbonates, and organic alkali compounds are the most frequent precursors, usually decreases the overall rate. However, it increases the... 

Organic alkali, usually molecules containing amine R3NH+ functional group ... 

Characterization of Condensation Polymers by Pyrolysis-GC in the Presence of Organic Alkali... 

The THM reaction linked to GC, GC/mass spectrometry (MS), and MS has been successfully applied to the chemical characterization of a number of synthetic and natural products, including resins, lipids, waxes, wood products, soil sediments, and microorganisms. This technique is also very effective for the detailed characterization of the synthetic polymeric materials, especially the condensation polymers, such as polyesters and polycarbonates, because many simplified pyrograms are usually obtained that consist of peaks of methyl derivatives from the constituents of the polymer samples almost quantitatively. In this chapter, the instrumental and methodological aspects of Py-GC in the presence of the organic alkali are briefly described, and then some typical applications to the precise compositional analyses and microstructural elucidation inclusive of the intractable cross-linking structures for various condensation type polymeric materials are discussed. 

FIGURE 11.1 Typical measuring system for pyrolysis-GC in the presence of organic alkali. 

Matsubara et al., applied reactive pyrolysis gas chromatography in the presence of organic alkali to study the network structure of a UV.-cured acrylic ester prepared from polyethylene glycol diacrylate. An a-amino-aUcylphenone type photoinitiator was used. The network formation can be illustrated as follows... 

Kawai, K. Kondo, H. Ohtani, H. Characterization of cross-linking structure in terephthalate polyesters formed through material recycling process by pyrolysis-gas chromatography in the presence of organic alkali. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2008, 93, 1781-1785. 

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