Orbital forcing

Kutzbach, J., Bonan, G., Foley, J. and Harrison, S. P. (1996). Vegetation and soil feedbacks on the response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing in the early to middle Holocene, Nature 384, 623-626. 

Database Computational Chemistry Molecular Orbital Force Field ... 

Genthon C., Barnola J.M., Raynaud D Lorius C., Jouzel J., Barkov N.I., Korotkevich Y.S. and Kotlyakov V.M. (1987) Vostok ice core Climate response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle. Nature 329, 414-418. 

Shackleton N.J. and Pisias N.G. (1985) Atmospheric carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and climate. In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 Natural Variation Archean to Present (eds. E.T. Sundquist and W.S. Broecker) pp. 303-317. Geophysical Monograph 32, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. 

The superoxide ion has its unpaired electron in a n orbital (Fig. 1.1). There is no distinction between n x and n y in the absence of solvation but one of us has presented ESR evidence for strong hydrogenbonding primarily on one plane, as is also indicated in Fig. 1.1. (Symons et al., 1980 Symons and Stephenson, 1981). This favours the filled, negative, n orbital, forcing the unpaired electron into the unsolvated orbital. 

The Fe/Ca ratio in an ODP core from the western North Atlantic has been used as an index of orbitally driven climate change allowing deconvolution of the orbital forcing pattern and extension back to the Late Eocene. In this time period the timing of orbital pattern was used for fine-mning of the magnetic-reversal record (Palike et al., 2001). 

Our understanding of sea-level history supports the general concept of orbital forcing of sea level, but also points to other controls. Some relationship between sea level and orbital forcing is clear from a simple comparison between the two curves (Figures 5-7). To the extent that orbital forcing... 

Stirhng C., Esat T., Lambeck K., McCulloch M., Blake G., Lee D.-C., and HaUiday A. (2001) Orbital forcing of the marine isotope stage 9 interglacial. Science 291, 290—293. 

Weaver A. J., Eby M., Fanning A. F., and Wiebe E. C. (1998) Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. 

Pisias N. G. S. N. J. (1984) Modeling the global climate response to orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes. Nature 310, 757-759. 

Dating of marine sediments has relied on a combination of radioactive tracers and stable isotope tracers tuned to known cycles in orbital forcing. The latter process involves comparing the peaks and valleys of a standard 8 0 time series generated from averaging 8 0 curves from different areas in the ocean. This wiggle matching is... 

With this correction it is possible to compare the 5 0 changes in the marine foraminiferan record, which has been systematically dated ivith radioisotopes and orbital forcing, with the atmospheric 5 0 changes measured in bubbles trapped in ice cores (Sowers et al, 1993). 

Pyridynes are inherently unsymmetrical. Nucleophiles readily attack the 2,3-pyridyne 4.193 entirely at C-2.419 A calculation420 shows that the coefficient in the LUMO of 2,3-pyridyne 4.194 is larger at C-2 than at C-3. Also, the total charge distribution 4.195 is such that C-2 bears a partial positive charge. We can rationalise the polarisation of the LUMO by comparing the lobes of the p orbitals in the plane of the ring 4.194 with the it system of the allyl anion. The large coefficient in the LUMO of the allyl anion is on the central atom, just as it is here. The net result is that nucleophiles attack at C-2, because both Coulombic and frontier orbital forces favour attack at this site. They also react at the 2-position because the anion formed, a 3-pyridyl... 

The spin-orbit force of the Dirac Hamiltonian is obtained by using the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation as Hg = a r)S.L, where... 

---