Or fibroblasts

There are important methodologic considerations which apply to the use of cultured amniotic fluid cells for the detection of biochemical disorders. The first is that the enzymes which can be sampled are those which are usually present in fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells. Therefore, conditions such as phenylketonuria and glycogen storage disease type I, which are associated with deficiencies of enzymes present only in liver and kidney, are not amenable to this approach. The same also pertains to enzyme deficiencies affecting other specific tissues. 

In addition to this major adduct which, in some biological systems, such as human bronchus (90) or mouse skin (74) or fibroblast 10T1/2 cells in culture (133), accounts for almost all of the DNA adducts, other derivatives have been detected in many systems which have been investigated. These may vary with respect to tissue (134.135.136) or time of exposure (135,137). 

Add together 50 pi of either the liver or fibroblast sample (prepared as described above) and 100 pi reagent mix. Incubate and continue as with blood samples. 

Boil 100 pi of either sample (liver or fibroblast) for 2 min, put on ice, then add 200 pi of reagent mix. Continue as for the blood sample blanks. 

Incubate 50 pi of samples of either liver or fibroblasts (prepared as described above in section 4.6.5.4) at 37°C for 10 min (liver) or 60 min (fibroblasts). Continue as with blood samples. 

Boil 100 pi of either liver or fibroblasts (prepared as described above in section... 

Additional freeze-thawing of tissue or fibroblast lysates may result in reduced GTPCH activity, and it is thus recommended to assay activity always from freshly lysed material. Alternatively, lysates may be kept for 1-2 days at -80°C (this may not be the case for PTPS, SR, and DHPR assays, as extracts can be kept at -80°C for a longer period without loosing activity). 

GAMT activity is measured in homogenates of cultured lymphoblasts or fibroblasts... 

The neurotrophins represent a family of survival and differentiation factors that exert profound effects in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neurotrophins are currently under investigation as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and nerve injury either individually or in combination with other trophic factors such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). 

A variety of growth factors and chemokines convincingly increase the formation of small blood vessels in experimental models, Most clinical trials to date involve the transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) using several delivery strategies. 

Cytogenetic damage Human lymphocytes or fibroblasts and other cell types In vitro cytogenetic analysis... 

Schwerdt G, Flolzinger FI, Sauvant C, Konigs M, Flumpf FlU, and Gekle M. Long-term effects of ochratoxin A on fibrosis and cell death in human proximal tubule or fibroblast cells In primary culture.Toxicology 232 57-67, 2007. 

When discussing treatment possibilities for acne scars with a would-be patient, the doctor should be extremely cautious. Skin that is very scarred can, however, be completely renewed, evened out and smoothed using a combination of treatments such as subcision, dermal filling, dermabrasion, punch excision, punch elevation, possibly micro skin grafts or even injections of cultured stem cells or fibroblasts (Isolagen). 

Cdt is composed of three proteins, all encoded by the cdt operon. Two of these proteins bind to human cell membranes where they facilitate the translocation of the third subunit, a SHEP-like phosphatase PI-3,4,5-triphosphate 5-phosphatase. This bacterial phosphatase passes through the membrane and removes the 5-phosphate from PI-3,4,5-triphosphate, causing stimulated lymphocytes and macrophages to undergo apoptosis instead of growth. In nonleukocytic cells such as epidermal cells or fibroblasts, PI-3,4,5-phosphatase is exposed to PTEN, which is 10 times more active on PI-3,4,5-triphosphate than Cdt. The S I I IP-1 ike bacterial enzyme therefore cannot compete with PTEN. The sensitivity of nonleukocytic cells to Cdt is much less than that of stimulated lymphocytes and macrophages. 

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