Optical visible range

An optical detector with appropriate electronics and readout. Photomultiplier tubes supply good sensitivity for wavelengths in the visible range, and Ge, Si, or other photodiodes can be used in the near infrared range. Multichannel detectors like CCD or photodiode arrays can reduce measurement times, and a streak camera or nonlinear optical techniques can be used to record ps or sub-ps transients. 

High optical clarity (>95% in the visible range extending into the near infrared together with a good level of transparency to ultraviolet light). 

The infrared (IR) of wavelength immediately above the visible ranging from 0.7 to 3 im (for present optical applications). IR radiation is a major source of heat. 

The physical properties of metal nanoparticles are very size-dependent. This is clear for their magnetic properties, for which the shape anisotropy term is very important. This is also true for the optical properties of nanoparticles displaying plasmon bands in the visible range (Cu, Ag, Au) and for 111-V... 

There is a strong limitation in the concentration range due to the logarithmic relationship between transmission and concentration (optical densities reasonably to measure range from 0.1 to 1.5). Nevertheless, protein quantification by direct UV-measurement or after staining with dyes in the visible range is a very robust method and can be found, e.g., as a common detection mode in HPLC or other chromatographic techniques. 

Apart from the tunable color emission covering the full visible range, there are several other aspects supporting the interest in PTs for PLEDs. PTs are examples of classical conjugated polymers with intrinsic one-dimensionality of the polymer chain. Alignment can induce anisotropy in macroscopic properties such as electron transport or optical properties. Polarized... 

Any appropriate spectrophotometer capable for measuring both in the ultra-violet (UV) and visible range of the spectrum must essentially consist of an optical system that should produce monochromatic light in the range 190-780 nm and a suitable device for measuring the extinction (E) precisely and accurately. 

Determination of the stratum corneum depth by Optical Spectroscopy in the Visible Range... 

H.-J. Weigmann, J. Lademann, H. Meffert, H. Schaefer, and W. Sterry. Determination of the horny layer profile by tape stripping in combination with optical spectroscopy in the visible range as a prerequisite to quantify percutaneous absorption. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin. Physiol. 12 34-45 (1999). 

LiNbOj is a widely used ferroelectric crystal with various applications in the nonlinear optics and integrated optics (10). Another attractive material for 10 devices is LiTaOs. Its electrooptic (EO) and nonlinear (NL) coefficients are comparable to those of LiNbOj, and its photorefractive damage threshold is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of LiNbOj in the visible range. 

Cr-doped Ti02 has been widely studied for photoanode application since addition of Cr shifts the optical absorption spectrum towards the visible range, with the caveat that excess chromium doping leads to higher recombination rates. Various synthesis methods have been employed to date. For example Radecka an coworkers used r.f. sputtering to prepare up to 16 at% Cr-doped Ti02 [70]. XRD reveals that at low Cr concentration the... 

In the typical setup, excitation light is provided by a pulsed (e.g., nanosecond) laser (emitting in the visible range, e.g., at 532 nm, if Mb is investigated), while the probe is delivered by a continuous-wave (cw) laser. The two beams are spatially overlapped in the sample, and the temporal changes in the optical properties (such as optical absorption or frequency shift) that follow the passage of the pump pulse are registered by a detector with short response time (relative to time scale of the processes monitored), such as a fast photodiode. 

The electronic polarization is so rapid that there is no observable effect of time or frequency on the dielectric constant until frequencies are reached which correspond to the visible and ultraviolet spectra. For convenience, the frequency range of the infrared through the ultraviolet region is called the optical frequency range, whereas that including the radio and the audio range is called the electric frequency range. 

---