Optical photography

Compared to optical photography. X-rays have the distinct advantage that they see through opaque clouds of smoke and debris. Most materials can also be penetrated by the appropriate high-energy X-rays, making internal voids in materials, such as incipient spalls, clearly visible. 

The diagnostics applied to shock experiments can be characterized as either prompt or delayed. Prompt instrumentation measures shock velocity, particle velocity, stress history, or temperature during the initial few shock transits of the specimen, and leads to the basic equation of state information on the specimen material. Delayed instrumentation includes optical photography and flash X-rays of shock-compression events, as well as post-mortem examinations of shock-produced craters and soft-recovered debris material. 

H.V.Soule Electro-Optical Photography at Low Illumination Levels, (John Wiley and Sons, New York 1968) pp. 332-333... 

Figure 10.2. Carbon aerogels obtained from pyrolysis of cellulose aerogels. Top optical photography (courtesy of T. Budtova, MINES ParisTech/CEMEF, Sophia Antipolis, France). Bottom SEM (courtesy of M. Pinnow, Fraunhofer-IAP, Natural polymer division, Golm, Germany).

Figure 10.3. Carbon aerogels obtained from pyrolysis of cellulose acetate-based aerogels. Top optical photography. Bottom optical microscopy [22].

See also Cinematography Computer Science Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Optics Photography. 

See also Audio Engineering Computer Graphics Mirrors and Lenses Optics Photography Television Technologies Video Game Design and Programming. 

Optics photography computer science laser technology chemistry electrical engineering electronics mathematics and physics. 

See also Gomputer Science Electronics and Electronic Engineering Laser Technologies Optics Photography Software Engineering. 

See also Electrical Engineering Electronics and Electronic Engineering Optics Photography. 

In the third case, where the failure and fracture occur outside the laboratory, microscopy is often used in a forensic manner to determine the failure mode and its point of initiation. Microanalysis may be used to pinpoint a specific cause and assign responsibility for the failure. Here the special features of specimen preparation relate to the nature of the work and optical photography may be required to document the relation of the specific SEM samples to the original object. 

---