Optical circuits

Optical circuits will not simple mimic electronics, but will exploit in a complementary way the unique phenomena offered by light. For example THz bandwidth amplification is straightforward in optical structures with... 

A photonic realization of qubit can be obtained through the polarization state of a photon or usingthe continuous phase and amplitude of a many-photon laser beam [5,48]. At first, the difficulty in achieving significant photon-photon interactions necessary for multi-qubit operations can be seen as a drawback of this proposal. However, it was demonstrated that scalable QC is possible using only linear optical circuits and single-photon sources and detectors [16]. The method (known as the KLM scheme for Knill, Laflamme and Milburn) [49] uses quantum interference with auxiliary photons at a beam splitter as the source of interactions, and has... 

Fig. 2.3 By regarding a basic microring resonator as an optical circuit composed of a directional coupler and a curved waveguide (the cross hatched section), the characteristics of the microring resonator can be analyzed using simpler BPM code and transfer matrices instead of computation intensive FDTD simulation. Reprinted from Ref. 15 with permission. 2008 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers...

Integrated Optical Circuits and Components Design and Applications, edited by Lynn D. Hutcheson... 

Principles of Optical Circuit Engineering, Mark A. Mentzer... 

In this work, we presented the 2D MMl couplers as a basic component for 3D integrated optics. Two basic applications of the 2D MMl, the power splitter and 3D MMl PHASAR, are studied and compared to their planar equivalent. The simulations show an appreciable performance enhancement in both cases. These promising devices open the door to multilevel integrated optical circuits with higher packing density and better performance. 

William Nunley and J. Scott Bechtel Integrated Optical Circuits and Components Design and Applications, edited by Lynn D. Hutcheson Flandbook of Molecular Lasers, edited by Peter K. Cheo Flandbook of Optical Fibers and Cables, Hiroshi Murata Acousto-Optics, Adrian Korpel Procedures in Applied Optics, John Strong Flandbook of Solid-State Lasers, edited by Peter K. Cheo Optical Computing Digital and Symbolic, edited by Raymond Arrathoon... 

Losses still occur in the fibres developed for commercial use. Nonetheless, these have been reduced to a point where transmission over kilometres is possible. Along with transmission of information in telephone systems and similar applications, it has been suggested that optical devices may replace conventional electronics in more advanced applications such as computers. For such applications, it will be necessary to develop optical switches, amplifiers, and so on. In the last two decades, new materials have been developed that may form the basis of integrated optical circuits. These materials are photonic crystals. 

One of the properties of a class of materials known as chalcogenide glasses is that they exhibit a wide spectrum of photoinduced effects. Photoinduced phenomena have recently been extensively studied (see corresponding references in previous sections), partly as an interesting subject for fundamental research in the field of disordered sohds and partly due to the potential apphcation of these phenomena in opto(photo)electronics (xerography and xeroradiography, optical memories, optical circuits, photoresists, etc.). 

Franke, H. Crow, J. D. Integrated Optical Circuit Enginering Proc. SPIE 1986, 651, 102. 

Later in this review we will return to the topic of reactive ion etching as it pertains to the topic of fabricating three-dimensional optical circuits that require the production of vertical transitions. 

Figures 23-28 show the process of producing basic circuit elements of vertically stacked circuits. The use of the three lithographic masking techniques mentioned results in very low loss transitions between optical circuits in different vertical stacks. These techniques can also be used to fabricate the low loss electro-optic modulator configuration shown in Figs. 29 and 30.

Fig. 26. Processing steps associated with vertically integrated optical circuit fabrication...

Optical Switches In telecommunication, an optical switch is a switch that enables signals in optical fibers or integrated optical circuits (lOCs) to be selectively switched from one circuit to another. In biology, there are several... 

Although all laboratories that perform high-field ESR have experimented with Fabry-Perot resonators instead of fundamental mode microwave cavities, few laboratories have as yet explored quasioptical implementations of common microwave devices such as a magic T or circulator in an FIR-ESR spectrometer (see Earle and Freed, 1995 Earle et al. 1996b Smith, 1995). Part of the problem is the unfamiliar appearance of optical circuits to spectroscopists who are only familiar with... 

R.E. Kunz, In E.J. Murphy (Ed.), Integrated Optical Circuits and Components. 

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