Optical apparatus

Plunger-type colorimeters. The plunger-type of colorimeter with two halves of the field of view illuminated by the light passing through the unknown and standard solutions respectively was invented by J. Duboscq of Paris in 1854. Various improved modifications of the instrument were subsequently developed by manufacturers of optical apparatus. 

Figure 12. Schematic lay-out of compact optical sensor chip without need of external optical apparatus with identical microresonators as sensors LED broad band source, for example Light Emitting Diode, MR-F microresonator used as optical filter, MR-S microresonator used as optical sensor, PD Photo Diode.

Procedure Distribute into identical test-tubes an equal volume of standard tetracycline solution and the sample to be examined (having presumed equal concentrations) and add to each tube an equal volume of inoculated nutrient medium (for instance 1 ml of the solution and 9 ml of the medium). Prepare at the same time two control tubes without the chlortetracycline, one containing the inoculated medium and the other identical with it but treated immediately with 0.5 ml of formaldehyde solution. These tubes are used to set the optical apparatus employed to measure the growth. 

The growth of the test organism is measured by means of a suitable optical apparatus. 

The optical apparatus used in this study was designed according to the strategy described in section 8.4.3, which permits the simultaneous measurement of birefringence and dichroism. The source was a infrared diode laser that generates light at a wavelength in the... 

Figure 10.9 The geometry of the sample relative to the axis of the optical apparatus. The PS cylinders are oriented parallel to the z axis and perpendicular to the axis of the incident light beam, which is directed along the y axis. Angles of orientation are measured relative to the vertical, x axis.

The optical apparatus used in this work was described in section 8.6 and has the capability of providing both Raman scattering and birefringence measurements simultaneously. The Fourier expansion of the overall Raman scattering signal is given by equation (8.51), and the coefficients are given by equations (8.52) to (8.54). In these expression, a simple, uniaxial form for the Raman tensor was assumed. From these coefficients, the anisotropies in the second and fourth moments of the orientation distribution can be solved as... 

Figure lib shows the optical apparatus for PM-IRAS with the high-pressure cell and the photoelastic modulator (PEM) (Hinds-PEM-90) located between the vacuum FTIR spectrometer (Bruker IFS66v/S) and the detector (113,171). By the use of recessed windows, the IR path length inside the high-pressure cell is reduced to minimize gas-phase absorption. To avoid interference from atmospheric H2O and CO2, the IR spectrometer and beam path are evacuated, and only the PEM is purged with dry nitrogen. The IR spectrometer produces a parallel beam of about 40 mm diameter, which is focused on the sample by a parabolic mirror (250 mm... 

When this combination of methods is used, it is very important to carry out FB and EB studies of the same polymer at the same concentration and temperature, with the same optical apparatus etc. For this purpo , the method of electro-dynamic birefringence (EDB) offers some advantages. In this method the solution under study passes into the state of a laminar flow and is simultaneously mpo to the electric field E parallel to the velocity gradient g33s-239)... 

An IR absorption facility for making LOS measurements on confined and unconfined, reacting and nonreacting flows has been constructed. The facility consists of an Nd YV04-pumped, broadly tunable, KCLLi color center Iciser (CCL) system and an optical apparatus composed of six scanning modules that permit... 

The company introduced a new instrument, BIAcore, in 1990 (Fig. 4). The instrument had a very hi impact on the Biosensor community. The price of the instrument was more than 100 times higher than any other electrochemical or optical apparatus. The instrument based on surfiice plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was a fully automated instrument tshich monitored the... 

Figure 2a. Schematic diagram of TIRF optical apparatus. The beam chopper is used to minimize the possibility of photobleaching during experiments. A thin layer of cyclohexanol is used to optically couple the prism to the glass slide. The fluorescent light is collimated and condensed by the lenses and detected by the photomultiplier. The color filter in front of the photomultiplier blocks scattered incident light and selectively transmits the fluorescence emission. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 17. Copyright 1983 Academic Press.)...

Split Spectrum Photovoltaic Cell - A photovoltaic device where incident sunlight is split into different spectral regions, with an optical apparatus, that are directed to individual photovoltaic cells that are optimized for converting that spectrum to electricity. 

Figure 1 - Integrated Schlieren/Mach-Zehnder optical apparatus (Agble and Mendes-Tatsis, 2000).

Photoacoustic spectra can be observed with a simple microphone and optical apparatus. A diagram of a modern piece of equipment is given in Figure 42, in which there is a blackbody sample at the second input of a look-in amplifier. Corrected photoacoustic spectra can be recorded with this type of monochromator equipment. Frequency-modulated xenon lamps are used as white light sources, so that a chopper is not needed for modulation. 

GAR Garcia Sakai, V., Higgins, J.S., and Trasler, J.P.M., Cloud curves of polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) or poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) in cyclohexanol determined with a thermo-optical apparatus, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, 743, 2006. 

Laiho, A. and Ikkala, O. (2007) A rheo-optical apparatus for real time kinetic studies on shear-induced alignment of self-assembled soft matter with small sample volumes. Review of Scientific Instruments, 78,015109-015106. 

In infrared emission spectrometry, very weak infrared radiation of emission from a sample itself is to be measured. Consequently, infrared emission measurements have requirements considerably different from transmission and reflection measurements. It is not desirable to use a complicated optical apparatus for emission measurements. 

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