Opiate alkaloids structures

Also the ECL detection is an interesting alternative in the different detection systems based on optical methods. Two papers have been found that employ this detection system for the determination of opiate alkaloids [123, 124]. l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate and l-buthyl-3-methylimidazoluntetrafluoroborate and l-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumtetraborate were used as ionic liquids in the BGE which resulted in significant changes in separation selectivity and obvious enhancement in ECL intensities for those alkaloids with similar structures. Under the optimal conditions, the four drugs being analyzed were well separated within 8 and 7 min, respectively. 

The PE spectra of some other alkaloids like methadone and the opiate narcotics morphine, codeine and heroin have been investigated by Klasinc and coworkers95. Also in this study structure-activity relationships based on IPs were sought but not found. Since the interaction of the drug molecule with the receptor is highly specific, it is not unreasonable that the molecular rather than the electronic structure is more important for the physiological activity. 

The term opiate describes the class of molecules structurally and pharmacologically related to morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, which is a product of Papaver somniferum, a plant illegally cultivated in Asia, whose effects have been recognized since 4000bc by the Sumers. 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Opiate analgesic an alkaloid and phenanthrene derivative of opium Chemical Structure ... 

During the mid-1970s the search for endogenous ligands for opioid receptors led to the discovery of peptides with opiate-like activity. The first opioid peptides reported were the pentapeptides leucine and methionine enkephalin (Sand 4) (7), followed shortly thereafter by dynorphin A (3 8) (260,261) and ( endorphin (51)(262). Because these peptides are structurally distinct from the alkaloid opiates, the term opioid was introduced to describe all compounds, both nonpeptide and peptide, with opiate-like activity. These mammalian opioid peptides share a common N-terminal tetrapeptide sequence, but differ in their C-terminal residues (Fig. 7.9). They also differ in... 

The compound methadone (66) appears to have the structural features needed to bind to opiate receptors in the brain. This compound is active orally. Naturally occurring peptides called enkephalins (67 and 68) have been isolated from brain tissues of certain animals, including man (Fig. 32.21). These compounds are derived from larger peptides. Both have analgesic effects and apparently act at the same receptors as opiates. Morphine and related alkaloids may also occur in animal tissues (Kosterlitz, 1987). 

Morphine, C17H19NO3, is a complex phenolic compound whose pentacyclic structure is derived from tyrosine. It is analgesic, narcotic and a powerful respiratory depressant which was previously used iu cough elixirs. Morphine induces euphoria and dependency in some people, anxiety and nausea in others. The central nervous system effects occur through stimulation of specific receptors. Opiate receptors are widely distributed in animals they respond to both endogenous transmitters (peptides) and ingested plant alkaloids. The main receptor types are 8 emotional X. sedative x analgesic a psychotomimetic (Robinson 1986). 

Aiyai VN, Benn MH, Hanna T, Jacyno J, Roth SH, Wilkens JL (1979) The principal toxin of Delphinium brownii and its mode of action. Experientia 35 1367-1368 Chappie DJ, Clark JS (1983) Pharmacological action of breakdown products of atracurium and related substances. Br J Anaesth 55 Suppl 1 IIS Cohen HG, Seifen EE, Straub KD, Tiefenback C, Stermitz FR (1978) Structural specificity of the NaK-ATPase inhibition by sanguinarine. Biochem Pharmacol 27 2555 Dolejs L, Hanus V (1967) Mass spectrometry of rhoeadine type alkaloids. Tetrahedron23 2997 Horn AS, Rodgers JR (1976) Structural and conformational relationships between the opiates. Nature (London) 260 795-797... 

This chapter provides an overview of the most important biosynthetic pathways leading to tyrosine alkaloids. Furthermore, synthetic approaches toward members of this class of secondary metabolites, mainly tetrahydroisoquino-line alkaloids and opiates, are outlined in the third section of this chapter. Very often, the structural diversity of tyrosine-derived secondary metabolites arises from different oxidative aryl-aryl coupling reactions. Thus, special emphasis is devoted to this highly important reaction throughout this section. Furthermore, the second section discusses various methods that have been elaborated to allow the formation of aryl-aryl bonds. Additionally, the chemical syntheses described within the third section have also been chosen in such a way as to present and discuss interesting strategies for the crucial aryl-aryl coupling reaction. 

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