Operational parameters, reporting

Volatile acids, reported as acetic acid, are the most important operational parameter. In a weU-operating digestion process, the value should be <1 g/L (3.8 g/gal). A value >6 g/L (23 g/gal) indicates malfunctioning optimum pH is 6.8—7.2, and a pH <6.8 indicates excessive volatile acid production. Formerly, lime was added to the digester contents if the pH showed an undesirable drop. However, the reduction in pH indicated a change in organism that could not be remedied with lime (2). 

This post-startup review team should report the results of their review to the management of the business unit responsible for the final tolled product. If operating parameters or equipment configurations different from those approved in the technology package, management should promptly assess any risk associated from the variances and either ... 

In the previous examples, the feed characterizing correlations in Chapter 2 are used to determine composition of the feedstock. The results show that the feedstock is predominantly paraffinic (i.e., 61.6% paraffins. 19.9% naphthenes, and 18.5% aromatics). Paraffinic feedstocks normally yield the most gasoline with the least octane. This confirms the relatively high FCC gasoline yield and low octane observed in the test run. This is the kind of information that should be included in the report. Of course, the effects of other factors, such as catalyst and operating parameters, will also affect the yield structure and will be discussed. 

Designers, manufacturers, and operators of boilers continue to use many of these terms, without undue deference to unit standardization, to define, measure, and report on plant steam-raising capacities power output) and operating parameters. (In continuance of this common practice therefore, many of these various terms are freely used in discussions throughout this book.) However, to familiarize the reader and minimize confusion, some energy terms and notes are provided here. A more complete list of units and conversion factors is provided in the appendix. 

The study of the peak temperature sensitivity to the reactor operating parameters and the construction of sensitivity boundary curves for stable reactor operation were previously reported ( l). This paper presents a computer study on conceptual relationships between the conversion-product properties and the reactor operating parameters in a plug flow tubular reactor of free radical polymerization. In particular, a contour map of conversion-molecular weight relationships in a reactor of fixed size is presented and the sensitivity of its relationship to the choice of initiator system, solvent system and heat transfer system are discussed. 

The most important removal pathways of PhACs during wastewater treatment are biotransformation/biodegradation and abiotic removal by adsorption to the sludge. The efficiency of their removal at WWTP depends on their physico-chemical properties, especially hydrophobicity and biodegradability, and process operating parameters (i.e., HRT, SRT, and temperature). For certain NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen), high removals (>90%) are consistently reported in literature... 

Some of the reports are as follows. Mizukoshi et al. [31] reported ultrasound assisted reduction processes of Pt(IV) ions in the presence of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant. They found that radicals formed from the reaction of the surfactants with primary radicals sonolysis of water and direct thermal decomposition of surfactants during collapsing of cavities contribute to reduction of metal ions. Fujimoto et al. [32] reported metal and alloy nanoparticles of Au, Pd and ft, and Mn02 prepared by reduction method in presence of surfactant and sonication environment. They found that surfactant shows stabilization of metal particles and has impact on narrow particle size distribution during sonication process. Abbas et al. [33] carried out the effects of different operational parameters in sodium chloride sonocrystallisation, namely temperature, ultrasonic power and concentration sodium. They found that the sonocrystallization is effective method for preparation of small NaCl crystals for pharmaceutical aerosol preparation. The crystal growth then occurs in supersaturated solution. Mersmann et al. (2001) [21] and Guo et al. [34] reported that the relative supersaturation in reactive crystallization is decisive for the crystal size and depends on the following factors. 

The sludge retention time (SRT) is known as a very important operational parameter for color removal in SBR system. To obtain efficient color removal rate, adequate microbial population is desired. It was reported that 10 days SRT remained insufficient to obtain adequate population, and to ensure the color removal, SRT was increased to 15 day [2]. 

More than likely you will need to describe a commercially available instrument or standard piece of instrumentation in your Methods section. Several common types of instrumentation (and their abbreviations) are listed in table 3.2 these instruments are so common and standardized that no instructions or diagrams are needed to explain how they work. It is necessary, however, to report the operational parameters under which an instrument was operated. Parameters are selected and optimized for each particular application of an instrument and can vary among users, even for the same instrument. Moreover, parameters affect the outcome and reproducibility of an experiment hence, they must be described. Characteristic ways to report parameters have been developed for many types of... 

Consider excerpts 3T-3V. What operational parameters should you report when FTIR spectroscopy is used in your research What parameters should you include when GC is used in your research (If unfamiliar with these techniques, ask your instructor what these parameters mean.)... 

Finally a 200 B/D 80 tall demonstration unit was used for studying operating parameters, equipment, process variations, and finally catalysts, catalyst treatments, and varying feedstocks. Much of the 200 B/D work has been described in published reports.(8-10) In brief, satisfactory runs with excellent yields and good conversion were made on catalysts containing as much as 12,300 ppm of nickel plus vanadium.(A)... 

Baculovirus binding to insect cells is receptor-mediated [60]. From the work of Dee and Shuler it seems that the post-attachment steps occur much faster than attachment and thus the limiting step is the rate of attachment [61]. Another interesting result from the Dee and Shuler report that could have a great impact on bioreaction operational parameter specification is the observation that even in attached cultures, i.e. with baculovirus transport limited by diffusion, the rate of the diffusion of the baculovirus is 10-fold higher than the rate of attachment. This suggests that the overall rate of infection is, in suspension systems fike in stirred tank reactors, independent... 

Ambient aerosol property measurements are quite sophisticated source measurements are not as well developed. Certain aerosol property measurements have been made on emissions of many sources. Unfortunately these tests seldom provide a full accounting of samples, sometimes do not report confidence Intervals on the measurements, and often do not fully describe the operating parameters of the source at the time of the test. 

Review operational parameters . Chemical trend reports ... 

That seems like a lot of information and the question arises if all of these parameters are necessary to report, and if not all, which ones. Parameters that characterize the experiment can be grouped according to the ones that define the system, describe the experimental procedure, and are used to assess the results (Table 1-3). Some of the calculated parameters are interrelated, as can be seen in Table 1-2. Then a nonredundant set of information containing most of the parameters in Table 1-3 can be reported. For example, besides the operating parameters, information on pollutant removal, i. e. initial pollutant concentration c M)a, degree of pollutant removal is indispensable, as well as the parameters for... 

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