Open world

The worm algorithm [40] works in an extended configuration space, where in addition to closed world line configurations one open world line fragment (the worm ) is allowed. Formally this is done by adding a source term to the Hamiltonian which for a spin model is... 

Bohr] was clear that one could not have an effective control of... atomic energy. .. without a very open world and he made this quite absolute. He thought that one would have to have privacy, for he needed privacy, as we all do we have to make mistakes and be charged with them only from time to time. One would have to have respect for individual quiet, and for the quiet process of government and management but in principle everything that... 

That statement, from an open letter Bohr wrote to the United Nations in 1950, is preceded by another, a vision of a world evolved to the relative harmony of the nations of Scandinavia that once confronted each other and the rest of Europe as aggressively and menacingly as the Soviet Union and the United States had come by 1950 to do. Notice that Bohr does not propose a world government of centralized authority but a consortium An open world where each nation can assert itself solely by the extent to which it can contribute to the common culture and is able to help others with experience and resources must be the goal to put above everything else. And most generally and profoundly The very fact that knowledge is itself the basis for civilization points directly to openness as the way to overcome the present crisis. ... 

Bohr would surely emphasize that the result of either course—negotiation or arms race— must be the foreclosure of the nation-state. Negotiation to an open world would replace the nation-state with some more... 

The different country that still opens before us is Bohr s open world. 

Niels Bohr learned of the U.S. program in 1943. The bomb, he foresaw, would end major war and challenge the nation-states to move toward an open world. 

These wartime atomic-related comic book stories generally flew under the radar of the newly created federal security system. Up to 1939, news of the advances of nuclear science functioned essentially in an "open world," as scientists traveled from nation to nation to freely discuss their theories and discoveries. During the "golden age" of the... 

Reuters News Agency, Norway Opens Worlds First Osmotic Power PlcUit, http //www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/24/us-norway-osmotic-idUS-TRE5A-N20Q20091124), 2009, accessed 3-26-14... 

Open versus Closed world assumption. The openness of the Web, described by the AAA Slogan, has additional implications on Semantic Web applications beyond the Nonunique Naming Assumption discussed in Sect. 3.4.1. With respect to reasoning, Semantic Web systems are built on the assumption that the system has incomplete information and therefore adopt an Open World Assumption (OWA). Under the OWA, information that is not explicitly stated is considered unknown rather than false. For example, asking whether mo Engl has Ford as a supplier, will not return No, but an empty value set. By contrast, database systems operate under a Closed World Assumption (CWA) and therefore assume complete information. In other words, information that is not known is considered false. The same query as above will return No as a result under CWA. 

Semantic Web technologies have been designed to comply with the open nature of the Web captured by the Anyone is allowed to say Anything about Any topic slogan (Allemang and Hendler 2011). Some implications of this compliance are the Nonunique Naming Assumption (Sect. 3.4.1) and the Open World Assumption (Sect. 3.5). 

Matching between existing (sub-)products and new (sub-)products is based on the left side of the V-model only. However, Semantic Web s open world assumption (OWA) only uncovers not-matching (sub-)products, but it is not possible to determine a set of matching (sub-)products. Therefore, an external matchmaking algorithm has to support the reasoning. 

Requirements R-1 and R-2 are satisfied by capability C2— formal and flexible semantic modeling—as it is discussed in Table 2.2 of Chap. 2 in this book. Requirement R-3 is covered by the Semantic Web through capability C3—linked data. Requirement R-4 is supported by the Semantic Web only to a certain extent. It is possible to import ontology submodels to a knowledge base. However, reasoning capabilities of the Semantic Web are handicapped due to the underlying open world assumption (OWA). 

In the Semantic Web, the tasks of (i) validating RDF data against a set of integrity constraints and (ii) performing RDFS/OWL reasoning, are grounded on different semantics. While the latter operates under the Open World Assumption (OWA) (i.e., a statement cannot be assumed to be false if it cannot be proven to be true) and the Nonunique Name Assumption (nUNA) (i.e., the same object/resource can have... 

In this more open world international community should make all possible efforts to develop common recomendatlons and standards on controlled and, especially, unrestricted nuclear Installations material use. 

The value section will store the result of actions which have been carried out to define the open entity. Upon closure of an open entity the value will become one entry in the enclosing entity list. When the open world is closed, its value is copied into the receiving CAD system data base (either on the world level or on an assembly level depending on the directives to the post-processor). 

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