Onset time response

Onset Time Response The minimum concentration of the medication to cause the initial pharmaceutical response... 

The onset time response is the time for the minimum concentration of drag to cause the initial pharmaceutical response. Some drags reach the onset time in minutes while other drags take days. The peak time response is when the drag reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration. Duration is the length of time that the drag maintains the pharmaceutical response. 

The response time is plotted on a time-response curve that shows the onset time response, the peak time response, and the duration. All three parameters are used when administering the dmg in order to determine the therapeutic range— when the dmg will become effective, when it will be most effective, and when the dmg is no longer effective. It is also used to determine when a dmg is expected to reach a toxic level. 

Intravenous aqueous injections provide an excellent means of achieving a rapid therapeutic response. Parenteral product design, eg, vehicle and other excipient selection, as well as choice of route of adrninistration, can prolong therapeutic activity and increase onset times. Thus, oily solutions, suspensions, or emulsions can be adrninistered by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes to create prolonged effect, ie, depot injection (28). 

FIGURE 5.12 First-order rate of onset of response for three agonists of equal potency but differing rates of receptor onset. Ordinates response at time t as a fraction of equilibrium response value. Abscissae time in seconds. Curve 1 k] = 3 x 106s-1mol-1, k2= 0.003 s-1. Curve 2 k] = 106 s-1 mol-1, k2= 0.001 s-1. Curve 3 kj = 5 x 105 s-1 mol-1, k2= 0.0005 s-1. 

If a given sample constituent quenches the polymer, the first channel will quench in proportion to the concentration of quencher in the sample. At some time interval after the onset of response in the first channel, the second channel will begin to respond as the analyte pulse reaches the second polymer band. Eventually, the responses of both bands return to the baseline value as the quencher is swept from the sensor. The time evolution of responses in both channels is characteristic of a given quencher, providing data that can be used to more specifically identify the substance and, thus, enhance the selectivity of the sensor. 

The phenomena of early onset of response and of final improved response at the end of treatment are probably closely related. Stassen and colleagues [1993, 1994), who carried out a large pooled analysis of two placebo- and reference-controlled development programs for different antidepressants, reported that response to both placebo and conventional antidepressants follow the same time-course. In those with an earlier onset of improvement, there should also be a later improved overall response at the end of treatment. A higher proportion of early improvers should be reflected in a higher proportion of later responders [S. A. Montgomery 1995a). 

A typical time response for a short-circuited photocurrent in the presence of hydroquinone ( Q) as an added solution redox species is shown in Figure 9. These photocurrents were stable for several hours. In the absence of in the electrolyte, the photocurrent also increased rapidly upon the onset of illumination, but subsequently decayed exponentially to 70% of its initial value in a half-decay time of ca. 25 s. This behavior is similar to that observed for chlorophyll monolayers deposited on SnC (12). Photocurrents under potentially-controlled conditions were also stable upon illumination, but exhibited slower decay characteristics when the light was turned off. This effect is unusual and is currently under further investigation. 

This technique can be thought of as the time-domain dual of sine-wave-based onset estimation of section 7 since the estimated slope is the carrier frequency which represents the frequency around which the spectrum of s(n) is situated. In onset-time estimation, a straight line whose slope corresponds to the onset time of the system response is fit to the measured sine-wave phases in frequency [McAulay and Quatieri, 1986a],... 

There are two mechanisms by which therapeutic proteins induce antibodies the classical activation of the immune system by foreign proteins and the breaking of B cell tolerance by human proteins. The two mechanisms differ in time of onset and response level as we have described extensively previously [2]- Also the immunological mechanisms behind the two types of immune activation differ fundamentally and therefore also the characteristics of the product that are involved in induction of antibodies. 

Q10 There is a delay of one to two weeks in the onset of response to all antidepressants. This might be due to the time taken to override the feedback mechanisms at the nerve endings. Therefore, Mrs Ford does not need a different medication at this stage, only reassurance that the drug will soon become effective. 

Our studies support the hypothesis that cardiac cell membrane lesion sealing with CSIL result in preservation of myocardial viability, as determined by function, histochemistry, and ultra-structural morphology. There is a time response to myocardial preservation with CSIL therapy. Early CSIL intervention after the onset of ischemia resulted in almost complete myocardial recovery (18). Even when the intervention was initiated at 20 min of global ischemia, myocardial preservation was still greater than that seen in hearts with IgG-L or placebo treatment. There is also a dose response to CSIL therapy. Sufficient concentration of CSIL is essential to achieve optimal cell membrane lesion sealing (I9).Therefore, CSIL therapy may find therapeutic applications in preservation of myocardial viability and efficient non-viral gene therapy. 

Symptoms are usually observed 12-36 h after exposure, although onset times as short as 4 h or as long as 8 days have been reported (Robinson and Nahata, 2003 Sobel, 2005). The preponderance of symptoms, including the potentially lethal respiratory collapse, stems from inhibition of neuromuscular transmission (Burgen et al., 1949 Brooks, 1956 Kao et al., 1976 Simpson, 1981). Parasympathetic dysfunction is responsible for blurred vision, xerostomia, constipation, and urinary retention (Ambache, 1951 MacKenzie et al., 1982 Merz et al., 2003). 

Significant biological sila-substitution effects, which could be correlated with a specific physicochemical sila-substitution effect (increase of lipophilicity), were observed for the hypnotics 84a-86a and their silicon analogues 84b-86b163. Following intraperitoneal administration in mice, the time for inducing the hypnotic response (onset time) was... 

A period of time passes after a dmg is administered until the pharmaceutical response is realized. This is referred to as the drag s time response. There are three t) es of time responses onset, peak, and duration. 

DSC experiments may be also a source of errors in the calculations of conversion degree. Indications concerning the proper protocol for DSC measurements are given in recently published works [30,60] and in Chapter 1. The recommended procedure is to heat up a sample above the equilibrium melting temperature to erase history, and then to cool it as fast as possible to the desired temperature of crystallization. The apparatus response should be subtracted from the signal and the baseline correctly determined. The beginning of crystallization may be delayed with respect to time at which the selected temperature was reached by a time called induction time. In this case, it is necessary to resolve the onset of crystallization, which is difficult because of negligibly small thermal effects produced by the nucleation. If the assumed onset time of crystallization differs from the true value by U, the Avrami analysis yields n instead of n ... 

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