On chemical sensors

G. Gustafsson and 1. Lundstrom, Proceedings of the S econd International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Bordeaux, France, uly 1986. 

The initial hurdle to overcome in the biosensor application of a nucleic acid is that involving its stable attachment on a transducing element which commonly includes a metallic electrode. In the first part of this chapter, we wish to introduce our approach for DNA immobilization (Scheme 1). A detailed characterization of the immobilization chemistry is also presented. In the second part, we follow the development of work from our laboratory on chemical sensor applications of the DNA-modified electrode involving a biosensor for DNA-binding molecules and an electrochemical gene sensor. 

Narayanaswamy R., Wolfbeis O.S. (Eds.), Optical Sensors Industrial, Environmental and Diagnostic Applications, Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors Vol. 

For maximizing the sensitivity the transduction chain utilized in the sensor has to be considered. In the MZI this chain is given by Am—>An—>AN, //—>Ay>—>AP ut. If we focus on chemical sensors the measurand m is the concentration of a specific chemical substance and Am can be specified as AC. First step of maximizing the sensitivity now is maximizing the effects of each individual transduction step. 

S. Ryu, J. Shin, G. Cha, R. Hower, and R. Brown, Polymer membrane matrices for fabricating potentio-metric ion sensors, in Technical Digest 5th Int. Mtg. on Chemical Sensors, vol. 2, pp. 961-964. Rome, Italy, July 11-14 (1994). 

Horvath, R. Skivesen, N. Larsen, N. B. Pedersen, H. C., Reverse symmetry waveguide for optical biosensing, In Frontiers in Chemical Sensors. Novel Principles and Techniques Orellana, G. Moreno Bondi, M. C., Eds. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosen sors Springer, Berlin, 2005, Vol. 3, 279 301... 

M. Graf, D. Barrettino, M. Zimmermann, A. Hierlemann, and H. Baltes. CMOS Singlechip Metal Oxide Gas Sensing System Based on Microhotplates , Proc. 9th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS), Boston, MA, USA, (2002), 141. 

This rather obvious observation led us to begin work on chemical sensors that look for the actual explosive molecules. Undoubtedly, other researchers came to similar conclusions because several programs were begun at about the same time to develop this basic idea. Chapter 4 provides a brief glimpse at the history of some of these programs. 

In the past decade, microfabrication methods developed in the microelectronic industry have led to new opportunities for device research and development involving chemically sensitive electronic structures. In 1980, this subject was reviewed in depth at a NATO Advanced Study Institute (1). Over the last five years, there have been three international conferences 2-k), devoted to sensors with a strong emphasis on chemical sensors as well as a number of national and specialized meetings on the subject (5,6). In this paper, some recent developments that will have long term consequences on the study of chemically sensitive electronic devices will be reviewed. To simplify the discussion, the topics are divided into the following categories ... 

International Conference on Chemical Sensors, Futuoka, Japan, September, 1983. 

Mizusaki, J., Amano, K., Yamauchi, S. and Fueki, K., Proceedings of the International National Meeting on Chemical Sensor, Fukuoka, 1983, 279... 

Worrell, W. L. Proc. the International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Fukuoka, 1983, p. 332. 

Wakabayashi, K. Ohta, S. Takemori, D. shirae, E. "Non-Linear Behavior of Glass Substrate in High Humidity", in "Chemical Sensors", Seiyama, T. Feuki, E. Shiokawa, J. Suzuki, S., Editors, Proceedings of the International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Fukuoka, Japan, Analytical Chemistry Symposia Series -Volume 17, Elsevier, New York, pp. 439-444. 

Orellana G, Garcla-Fresnadillo D (2004) In Narayanaswamy R, Wolfbeis OS (eds) Springer series on chemical sensors and biosensors, vol 1, chap 13. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

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In some situations, it may not be possible to use methods based on chemical sensors but necessary to extract a volume of solution for analysis. It is important to ensure the complete separation of the solution from the crystalline phase. Typically, this situation arises when investigating the coprecipitation and inhibition effects of microcomponents, e.g. trace metals and low molecular weight organics and also in monitoring solutions for which suitable electrodes have not been developed. 

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