Olfactogram

Winberg, S., R. Bjerselius, E. Baatrup, and K.J. Doving. 1992. The effect of Cu(II) on the electro-olfactogram (EOG) of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in artificial freshwater of varying inorganic carbon concentrations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 24 167-178. 

Figure 3 An example of electro-olfactogram (EOG) data chart recordings of responses of male common carp whose sensitivity to hormonal compounds 12 and 11 is very similar to that of goldfish.57...

Tierney KB, Ross PS, Jarrard HE, Delaney KR, Kennedy CJ (2006b) Changes in juvenile coho salmon electro-olfactogram during and after short-term exposure to current-use pesticides. Environ Toxicol Chem 25 2809-2817... 

In addition, dissociation constants based on electro-olfactograms... 

Senf, W. Menco, B.Ph.M. Punter, P.H. and Duyvesteyn, P. Determination of odour affinities based on the dose-response relationships of the frog s electro-olfactogram. Experientia,... 

Figure 5. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses recorded from the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia in axolotls. Odorants consisted of 100 pi of 1 mM L-methionine (met), of water containing whole-body odorants from sexually-mature adult females (female), or of water containing whole-body odorants from size-matched, sexually-mature adult males (male). (A) Responses recorded from the olfactory epithelium of an adult male (B) responses recorded from the vomeronasal organ of the same individual. (C) Responses recorded from the olfactory epithelium of an adult female (D) responses recorded from the vomeronasal organ of the same female. Note that in all cases, responses elicited by odorants from opposite-sex individuals are larger than those elicited by odorants from same-sex individuals. Adapted from Park et al., 2004.

The most critical step in pheromone analysis is development of a specific, reliable, and biologically-relevant bioassay which can be used to analyze both whole body odor and putative pheromonal component(s) for pheromonal activity. Although this step may be relatively facile for species which exhibit straightforward and strong responses to conspecific odor, it is likely to be challenging for species which use odors to mediate relatively complex (subtle) behavioral repertoires in conjunction with other sensory cues. Of course, it is also particularly difficult to develop a behavioral assay for a species about which little is known other than what hormonal products its olfactory system happens to detect—a common scenario at present because of our reliance on electro-olfactogram recording (EOG see below). 

Ottoson, D. 1971. The electro-olfactogram. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology. (Ed. by L.M. Beidler), pp. 95-131. New York Springer-Verlag. 

Evans, R.E. Hara, T.J. 1985. The characteristics of the electro-olfactogram (EOG) its loss and recoveiy following olfactory nerve section in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Brain Res. 330, 65—75. 

Three years later, W. Grosch proposed a simpler technique—the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA)—based on a similar dilution approach (4). For each odor peak of the olfactogram, the highest dilution level of the extract at... 

As CharmAnalysis is a dilution technique, gaps in coincident responses and interindividual differences in sensitivity may also affect the olfactogram generated by a single panelist. To evaluate this variability, Acree submitted replicates... 

Easy generation of an olfactogram. This was achievable using continuous recording of a signal generated by each panelist, similar to CharmAna-lysis and OSME, and a computerized treatment of individual olfacto-... 

During a GC-0 acquisition, each panelist continuously smells odors eluting from the chromatographic column and presses a button for the whole duration of the perception of a given odorant. This operation generates, on the PC screen, a series of square signals called the olfactogram (Fig. 2). 

The statistical analysis of individual olfactograms generated by a large panel has shown an optimal composition of between six and ten members for routine analyses with a NIF uncertainty of 20% and 5%, respectively (14). 

The standard deviation of the NIF or SNIF values, to evaluate the variability of an olfactogram from one experiment to another... 

The least significant difference (LSD) between NIF (or SNIF) values of a same compound smelt in the olfactograms of two products... 

Using (a) a model mixture of volatiles and (b) a real product (pet feces), the mean relative standard deviation (RSD) has been calculated from olfactograms generated by the same panel or by two different panels (Table 1) (14). Mean RSDs of NIFs and SNIFs were in the 13.8-18% range, for a six-member panel. 

This corresponds to variations of not more than one panelist of each olfactometric peak between replications of the olfactogram. Over a 4-month period, the repeatability remained within a one-panelist variation (Table 1). 

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