Oils in soil

The predominant form of released petroleum products is a liquid that is immiscible with water this is called the free product (in this section it will be referred to as oil). The behavior of water and oil in soil depends on the interaction of the three phases water, oil, and soil. The affinity of water or oil with the soil can be estimated by establishing the contact angle of oil/water/soil triple line. 

Thermal desorption mass spectrometry is a rapid technique for the determination of oil in soils and sediments [9]. This method exhibited lower analytical variance compared to Soxhlet extraction, i.e. followed by conventional analysis. The analysis time for wet soil samples was about 20min. 

Bublitz [62] used time resolved laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy and fibre optics to determine polyaromatic hydrocarbons in oil polluted soils. The detection limit was 5mg kgy1 oil in soil. 

SwaderN. 1975. Persistence effects of light fuel oil in soil. 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution San Francisco, California. 

Freon or dichloromethane extraction gives precise and accurate estimates of oil and grease contents of soil [104]. Thermal desorption mass spectrometry has been used as a rapid method for the determination of oil in soil. The analysis takes only 20 minutes [33]. 

Flowers TH, Pulford ID, Duncan HJ. 1984. Studies on the breakdown of oil in soil. Environmental Pollution (Series B)8 71-82. 

Increased degradation rate of oil in soil-water slurries Reducing interfacial tension promotes formation of more interfacial area 28... 

Photo 41 Field analysis is becoming more common with the development of test kits. This chemist is measuring the amount of oil in soil. (Environment Canada)... 

The indirect impacts of oil in soil include effects on the soil-water relationship. Oil tends to accumulate in pores between soil particles, which are occupied by oxygen in the normal soil. Such anaerobic conditions can lead to microbial generation of phytotoxic compounds and the soil will be unable to maintain aerobic miao-organisms vital for sustaining plant root activities. The oil also decreases the capacity of the soil to store moisture and air [50]. 

The content of mineral oils in soils and eluat fractions were determined according to the standard German method (Deutsche Normen DIN 38409, Teil 18). 

McMhlin SJ, Kerr JM, Gray NR (1993) Microcosm studies of factors that influence bioremediation of crude oil in soil. In Proceedings, SPE/EPA exploration and production environmental conference, San Antonio,... 

In soil, anodes are connected by cables to the object to be protected. The cable must be low resistance in order not to reduce the current delivery. Therefore with long lines, the cable cross-section must be proportionately large. A cable with NYM sheathing with 2.5 mm Cu is mostly sufficient. Occasionally stronger cables and special insulation are required, e.g., NYY 4 mm Cu. Power supply cable buried in soil should have a noticeably light color. For use in seawater, occasionally temperature, oil and seawater-resistant cable is demanded, e.g., HOVRN. ... 

There are several different situations in which petroleum hydrocarbons pose a threat that has attracted solution by bioremediation. These include (1) oil-refinery waste and contamination of the surrounding soil, (2) leakage from oil pipelines and underground storage tanks or basins, and (3) spillage of crude oil in the marine enviromnent after accidents at sea. 

Margesin R, F Schinner (1997) Efficiency of indigenous and inoculated cold-adapted soil microorganisms for biodegradation of diesel oil in alpine oils. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2660-2664. 

A further application of the manipulation of microbial activity in the rhizo-sphere is their potential to remediate contaminated land. Bioremediation involves the u.se of microorganisms that break down contaminants. Radwan et al. (255) found that the soil associated with the roots of plants grown in soil heavily contaminated with oil in Kuwait was free of oil residues, presumably as a result of the ability of the resident rhizosphere microflora to degrade hydrocarbons. The use of plants as a means to accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals (256,257) to degrade hydrocarbons and pesticides (255) is already widely implemented and has proven to be successful. In some cases, there is no doubt that it is the plant itself that is responsible for the removal of the contaminants. However, in most... 

For certain naturally occurring nontoxic a.i., an enforcement is not sensible (e.g., lecithin, rape seed oil). Analytical methods for residues in soil are not necessary if the DTgo values of the a.i. and relevant metabolites are less than 3 days (e.g., fosetyl), because in general, the results from residue analyses are not meaningful if the a.i. is rapidly degraded. 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. None of the known components of polyalphaolefm hydraulic fluids are on the TRI. Releases of polyalphaolefm hydraulic fluids to soil are probably similar to mineral oil hydraulic fluids. It may be difficult to estimate the release of polyalphaolefm hydraulic fluids to soil by identifying occurrences of polyalphaolefm hydrocarbon isomers in soil at a particular facility since these constituents also are present in mineral oil and concentrations of the components cannot always be uniquely associated with polyalphaolefm hydraulic fluid release. Nonetheless, the gas chromatographic profile of a polyalphaolefm will be very different than that of a mineral oil, and identification may be possible when polyalphaolefins predominate in a sample. 

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