Oil absorption capacity

Functional property tests were conducted in duplicate. AACC (21) methods were used for the determination of water hydration capacity (Method 88-04) and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) (Method 46-23). Oil absorption capacity was measured by the procedures of Lin et al. (22) and oil emulsification by a modification (22) of the Inklaar and Fortuin (23) method. Pasting characteristics of 12.0% (w/v, db) slurries of the flours and processed products were determined on a Brabender Visco/Amylograph (Method 22-10). The slurries were heated from 30 to 95°C before cooling to 50°C to obtain the cold paste viscosity value. Gelation experiments were conducted by heating 15% (w/v db) slurries in sealed stainless steel containers to 90°C for 45 min in a water bath C3). 

Like NSI, the oil absorption capacities of the legume flours were decreased by pin milling, and the protein fractions were more functional in this parameter than were the starch fractions... 

Properties Soft, bulky, solid material (88% silica) composed of skeletons of small prehistoric aquatic plants related to algae (diatoms). They have intricate geometric forms. Available as light-colored blocks, bricks, powder, etc. True d 1.9-2.35, bulk density from 5 to 15 lb/cu ft. Insoluble in acids except hydrogen fluoride, soluble in strong alkalies. Absorbs 1.5 1 times its weight of water, has high oil absorption capacity. Poor conductor of sound, heat, and electricity. Noncombustible. 

Key filler characteristics include density, particle shape, size and size distribution, surface chemistry, oil absorption capacity, hardness, and refractive index. Oil absorption is frequently measured in a few fillers such as carbon black. It is usual to measure the uptake of dibutyl phthalate under standard conditions this gives some information about the surface of the... 

The oil absorption capacity of these fibrous test samples was determined by measuring the mass of the oil-soaked specimens. In each determination, the oil-soaked specimens were carefully removed from the oil beaker using forceps. After removal, ten seconds was allowed for the samples to drip off excess oil before the weighing was made. The absorption capacity was finally calculated by dividing the mass of the oil absorbed by the mass of fiber ... 

Oil absorption data on several fibrous materials are presented in Table 10.10. The data for raw cotton (RC), melt blown (MBPP) and staple (SPP) polypropylene are included for comparison purposes. These fibers represent some of the fiber types used in commercial oil spill clean-up applications. The data show that compared to RC, MBPP and SPP, the shredded textile waste fibers absorb oil at a much faster rate than traditional oil-spill clean-up fibers. However, Table 10.10 also shows that the oil absorption capacities of the textile waste products, are lower... 

Fig. 6. Adsorption capacity of various dessicants vs years of service in dehydrating high pressure natural gas (39). a, Alumin a H-151, gas 27° C and 123 kPa, from oil and water separators b, siUca gel, gas 38° C and 145 kPa, from oil absorption plant c, sorbead, 136-kPa gas from absorption plant ...

The protein fraction showed low nitrogen solubility and rather low water hydration and oil absorption values relative to those of the proteinates but oil emulsification was quite high. Refined legume fiber had a water hydration capacity of over 20 g/g product. 

Process and product PH Nitrogen solubility index % Water hydration capacity g/g sample Oil absorption Oil emulsification capacity g/g sample % ... 

Table III). Again, the proteinates absorbed 2-2.5 times more oil than the corresponding protein fraction, while the wet- and dry-processed starch were similar in their low absorption capacity. 

It is proposed to use the depleted oil reserves or the absorption capacity of deep coal seams. Saline aquifiers are estimated to hold 3000 to 10 000 GtC. Such processes are currently explored by several oil companies and appear to be feasible. 

Attapulgite is widely used as an adsorbent in solid dosage forms. Colloidal clays (such as attapulgite) absorb considerable amounts of water to form gels and in concentrations of 2-5% w/v usually form oil-in-water emulsions. Activated attapulgite, which is attapulgite that has been carefully heated to increase its absorptive capacity, is used therapeutically as an adjunct in the management of diarrhea. 

Consequently, eliminating aU or part of the stratum corneum drastically enhances the absorption of physical and chemical agents that could not have penetrated an intact protective stratum corneum. The ability of a product to penetrate the skin also depends on how it interacts with the corneocytes and the intercellular matrix. At the same molecular weight, a proteolytic product will penetrate the skin more readily than a product that is not proteolytic. The more liposoluble a molecule is, the greater its partition between the vehicle and the skin barrier and as a result its ability to penetrate is improved. Another factor to be taken into account is how solvents interact ethanol diffuses better in the stratum corneum when it is mixed with oil rather than water. How well hydrated the stratum corneum is also plays an essential role in the skin s absorption capacity. When the stratum corneum is hydrated, products can be absorbed up to 10 times more efficiently. Hydration swells... 

Mineral-based sorbent — Any of a number of inorganic, mineral-based substances used to recover oil because of their adsorptive or absorptive capacities. Mineral-based sorbents include materials such as vermiculite, perlite, or volcanic ash and recover from 4 to 8 times their weight in oil. (See also Natural organic sorbents, Synthetic organic sorbents.)... 

A premix is required for these mills. The mill paste normally has a consistency of 90-140 Kreb units. The mill base should be smooth and free from lumps, since the residence or dwell time in the mill is very short. The vehicle solids for the paste can be as low as 20% for low oil absorption pigments and up to as high as 75% vehicle solids for high absorption pigments. The capacity of the mill will vary with viscosity of the paste. 

A number of sorbents have been proposed to clean water surfaces from oil [318]. The use of hydrophobic aerosil was proposed for this purpose, which, however, can hardly be accomplished for economic reasons. More promising seems to be the proposal to use natural materials for oil absorption, such as turf, diatomite, vermiculite, swelled perlite. A method has been proposed for the modification of perlite by a consequent treatment with cationic surfactants and higher carboxylic acid salts. Such modification of swelled perlite increases its oil capacity up to 600%, the water absorption decreases 10 -100-fold, and the sinkability decreases considerably. The degree of oil removal from the water surface is, according to in vitro tests data, 98 - 99%. Methods have been found to use oil-saturated sorbents. 

GRT particles have an ability to adsorb hydrocarbons. However, their adsorption capacity is low in comparison with adsorbent materials currently in use. To improve its adsorption capacity various methods for manufacturing of adsorbents and their various uses were proposed, as discussed in this section. An oil absorptive material of lower cost can be obtained by graft copolymerization through blending of various proportions of GRT of particle size of 100 mesh with 4-tert-butylstyrene (tBS), as a monomer in the presence of divinylbenzene, as a crosslinker, and benzoylperoxide, as an initiator (Wu and Zhou, 2009). Oil absorbency of the grafted blends reached a maximum of 24.0 g/g at a feed ratio GRT/tBS of 60/40 and a divinylbenzene concentration of 1 wt.%. 

Although surface areas and particle size distributions undoubtedly play a role in determining maximum loading levels, particle shape, density and heat capacity are also likely to play a role. The complex nature of the inter-relationships between these factors and the lack of suitable metrics has made it difficult to explore this phenomenon beyond a strictly empirical level, however. BET surface area estimates, oil absorption numbers and average particle... 

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