Oiganic acids importance

The most important industrial use of pentaerythritol is in a wide variety7 of paints, coatings, and varnishes, where the cross-linking capability of the four liy7droxy groups is critical. Alkyd resins (qv) are produced by reaction of pentaerythritol with oiganic acids such as phthalic acid or maleic acid and natural... 

Thiocyanates are rather stable to air, oxidation, and dilute nitric acid. Of considerable practical importance are the reactions of thiocyanate with metal cations. Silver, mercury, lead, and cuprous thiocyanates precipitate. Many metals form complexes. The deep red complex of ferric iron with thiocyanate, [Fe(SCN)6]3, is an effective indicator for either ion. Various metal thiocyanate complexes with transition metals can be extracted into oiganic solvents. 

At room temperature, ca 60 wt % ethylene oxide is needed to solubilize the fatty acids. Surface activity of the ethoxylates is moderate and less than that of alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates (84). The ethoxylates are low foamers, a useful property in certain applications. Emulsification is the most important function. Its importance is reflected in the wide range of lipophilic solubilities available in the commercial products. Like all oiganic esters, fatty acid ethoxylates are susceptible to acid and alkaline hydrolysis. 

Other important uses of stannic oxide are as a putty powder for polishing marble, granite, glass, and plastic lenses and as a catalyst. The most widely used heterogeneous tin catalysts are those based on binary oxide systems with stannic oxide for use in oiganic oxidation reactions. The tin—antimony oxide system is particulady selective in the oxidation and ammoxidation of propylene to acrolein, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile. Research has been conducted for many years on the catalytic properties of stannic oxide and its effectiveness in catalyzing the oxidation of carbon monoxide at below 150°C has been described (25). 

This chapter provides our first detailed examination of a chemical reaction, the acid-base reaction or transfer of a proton. Although acid—base reactions are simple, they are very important in oiganic chemistry because more complicated reactions often involve one or more proton transfer steps. In addition, an important purpose of this chapter is to introduce many concepts about reactions in general. Much of what we learn about the acid-base reaction is applied to other reactions in later chapters. 

Finally, we wish to stress the dynamic nature of systematics and the necessary changes in nomenclature that accompany the discovery of new species or the reworking of evolutionary relationships within previously described taxa. Some molecular evolutionists may be naive about the importance of voucher specimens and the necessity of retaining information about the actual animals from which they have sampled nucleic acids or proteins. Voucher specimens physically and permanently document data in an archival report by (1) verifying the identity of the oiganism(s) used in the study and (2) by so doing, ensure that a study which otherwise could not be repeated can be accurately reviewed or reassessed. 9... 

As with many of the vitamins, biological assays have an important historical role and are widely used. For example, microbiological assays use l ctobacillusplantarum ATCC No. 8014 (57,59) or Lactobaa//us arabinosus (60). These methods are appropriate for both nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Selective detection of nictonic acid is possible if l uconostoc mesenteroides KXQ.Q No. 9135 is used as the test oiganism (61). The use of microbiological assays have been reviewed (62). 

Olah, Georse Andrew (b. 1927) American oiganic chemist who found a way, using powerful acids, of extending the life of fragments of hydrocarbon molecules—compoimds that appeared only momentarily as intermediate stages in chemical reactions. This work threw important light on the details of chemical reactions and won Olah the 1994 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

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