Offset well production

Offset and even nearby well comparison is a first-step indicator that a well of interest in an existing field is underperforming and may be a candidate for stimulation. A well with good bottomhole pressure—or at least comparable to offset wells—but with lower production or more severe decline may well 

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Artificial lift systems are mostly required later in a field s life, when reservoir pressures decline and therefore well productivities drop. If a situation is anticipated where artificial lift will be required or will be cost effective later in a field s life, it may be advantageous to install the artificial lift equipment up front and use it to accelerate production throughout the field s life, provided the increased revenues from the accelerated production offset... 

Reduced injectivity due to formation damage can be a significant problem in injection wells. Precipitate formation due to ions present in the injection water contacting counterions in formation fluids, solids initially present in the injection fluid (scaling), bacterial corrosion products, and corrosion products from metal surfaces in the injection system can all reduce permeability near the wellbore (153). The consequent reduced injection rate can result in a lower rate of oil production at offset wells. Dealing with corrosion and bacterial problems, compatibility of ions in the injection water and formation fluids, and filtration can all alleviate formation damage. 

Prediction of Solids Production. In the development of conventional oil and gas reservoirs, solids management strategies are used to avoid solids production by proper production practices or to control or prevent solids production, if it is unavoidable. The use of solids control methods is usually based on experience with analogous offset wells in the area where a new well is to be drilled. Offset well data can be used effectively if the geological and reservoir characteristics and the well drilling, completion, and production procedures are similar. It is often difficult or expensive to recomplete wells if a solids production problem occurs after initial completion of the well. In some cases, productivity may be negatively impacted if solids control is retroactively installed in... 

Induction heating equipment installations can require significant investment in electric power components as well as the work handling equipment made necessary by the process. These costs can be offset by savings in plant space, reduction in metal loss, precise control of product temperature, and reduced in-process inventory. A typical continuous induction heating line consumes about 360 kW h/t heating carbon steel bars to 1230°C. 

High temperature steam (qv) is also used for recovery of viscous cmde oils (28). Heat from the steam thins the oil, reducing viscosity and increasing mobihty. The mobilized oil is produced at offset production wells. In heavy oil fields, water flooding is often omitted and steam injection begun immediately after primary production. Steam injection temperature is typically 175—230°C in California oil fields. Injection temperature can reach 300°C in Canadian and Venezuelan EOR projects. 

The injection of large volumes of steam, steam flooding, is used to mobilize oil which is produced at offset production wells. Smaller volumes of steam are injected in the cycHc steam stimulation or huff n puff process (Eig. 2). Many wells are placed on several cycles of steam stimulation and then used as injection or production wells in steam flood projects. 

In the United States, 85 percent of wells are drilled by independent oil and gas operators, more than 90 percent of whom employ fewer than twenty people. Therefore, U.S. oil and gas production is dependent on the economic health of independent producers to offset the rising tide of imported crude oil. 

Offset Unit cost low Labor cost moderate Investment high Unlimited Restricted Critical Moderate to good durability Automates well Wet process, tool contacts product. Multicolor graphics. ... 

From a practical point of view, the deviation from main-chain continuity is the most interesting one. Especially the concept of the so-called parallel offset of the main chain is favorized. It is realized in a commercial product made from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylic acid. The incorporation of small amounts of 2,6-hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylic acid causes a discontinuity in the main chain but only in form of a parallel offset of some chain segments. Thus, the ability to form liquid crystalline states is largely maintained as well as the anisotropic properties of the molten and solid polyester. Instead, the melting point is significantly reduced, as desired. 

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