Of gangliosides

FIGURE 8.14 The structures of several important gangliosides. Also shown is a spacefilling model of ganglioside G i-... 

A (Hex A) catalyzing the biodegradation of gangliosides. Accumulation of gangliosides in lysosomes primarily affects brain neurons. In the early onset form of the disease, children become blind, deaf, and unable to swallow. Children die usually before the age of three. A late onset form ofthe disease occurs in young adults and is usually nonfatal. 

Khan NA, Hasan M. 1988. Dose-related neurochemical changes in the levels of gangliosides and glycogen in various regions of the rat brain and spinal cord following methyl parathion administration. Exp Pathol 35 61-65. 

Figure 24-9. Biosynthesis of gangliosides. (NeuAc, W-acetylneuraminic acid.)...

Negative-ion f.a.b.-m.s. has been used to complement the positive f.a.b. data in some of the aforementioned studies, and, as the sole f.a.b. procedure, has been applied to an investigation of the distribution of gangliosides in various rat-tissues, and to the analysis of synthetic lysogangliosides. ... 

Analysis of 3- and 6-linked sialic acids in mixtures of gangliosides separation of 62... 

A. Bemardi, L. Carrettoni, A. Grosso Ciponte, D. Montib, and S. Sonnino, Second generation mimics of ganglioside GM1 as artificial receptors for Cholera Toxin Replacement of the sialic acid moiety, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10 (2000) 2197-2200. 

Simons, M., Friedrichson, T., Schulz, J.B., Pitto, M., Masserini, M., and Kurzchalia, T.V. (1999) Exogenous administration of gangliosides displaces GPI-anchored proteins from lipid microdomains in living cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 3187-3196. 

Yu, R. K. and Ando, S. Structures of some new complex gangliosides. In L. Svennerholm, P. Mandel, H. Dreyfus and P.-F. Urban (eds), Structure and Function of Gangliosides. New York Plenum Press, 1980, pp. 33M5. 

J. Muthing, High resolution thin-layer chromatography of gangliosides, J. Chromatogr. A., 720(1-2) (1996) 3-25. 

Most of the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides are integral transmembrane proteins and catalyse the transfer of... 

Goins B, Ligler FS, Rudolph AS. Inclusion of ganglioside GMl into liposome encapsulated hemoglobin does not extend circulation persistence at clinically relevant doses. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1994 22 9. 

The exact role of ceramide in apoptosis seems not to be clear because of problems detecting ceramide levels (Kolesnick and Hannun, 1999 Hofmann and Dixit, 1999 Watts et al, 1999). Ganglioside GD3 is an important mediator of Fas-induced apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. Ceramide triggers the synthesis of ganglioside GD3 (DeMaria et al., 1997). So it is difficult to explain vdiether the inducer of apoptosis is ceramide or ganglioside. 

Apart from the 4-O-acetylated sialic acids, another sialidase-resist-ant sialic acid exists in Nature, namely, the internal, Gal-bound, sialic acid residue of GM,. In contrast to this side-positioned sialic acid, the sialyl residues bound to the peripheral Gal of gangliosides, or to both the peripheral and the internal sialic acid residues forming oligo-sialvl chains in several members of the large ganglioside family,la can be readily removed by sialidases, as was tested with viral, bacterial, and mammalian enzymes.35 -35 1... 

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