Of benzoic add

Hydrogenation, of gallic add with rhodium-alumina catalyst, 43, 62 of resorcinol to dihydroresorcinol, 41,56 Hydrogen peroxide, and formic acid, with indene, 41, 53 in oxidation of benzoic add to peroxy-benzoic add, 43, 93 in oxidation of ieri-butyl alcohol to a,a/r, a -tetramcthyltetra-methylene glycol, 40, 90 in oxidation of teri-butylamine to a,<, a, a -tetramethyltetra-methylenediamine, 40, 92 in oxidation of Crystal Violet, 41, 2, 3—4... 

Chand P, Kotian PL, Morris PE, Bantia S, Walsh DA, Babu YS (2005b) Synthesis and inhibitory activity of benzoic add and pyridine derivatives on influenza neuraminidase. Bioorg Med Chem 13 2665-2678... 

The oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde and benzoic add over V205/Ti02 assisted by microwaves was studied by Liu et al. [82]. The authors conduded that microwave energy can greatly improve the process of selective toluene oxidation. The highest yields of benzoic add were, however, only 38—41% and the highest selectivity was 51% at 80% conversion to benzoic add. 

The broad band decoupled C-NMR spectrum of benzoic add is shown in Figure 8. The spectrum was recorded at room temperature in chloroform-d on a Hitachi R-1900 FT NMR spectrometer operating at 22.6 MHz. Chemical shifts were measured relative to tetramethylsilane, and assignments for the observed peaks are found in Table 5. 

Benzoic add was adsorbed on polycrystalline gold electrode at different potentials. It was found that the process is reversible in respect to the bulk concentration of benzoic add and electrode potential. The maximum of adsorption was found at 13 V vs. potential of hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M HC104. The dependence of the surface concentration of benzoic add adsorbed from 0.1 M hcio4 on the bulk concentration is given in Table P.2 ... 

If the potassium salt s not isolated but the reaction mixture is immediately acidified, there is mixed with the benzilic add a certain amount of benzoic add which is difficult to remove. This may be done either by fractional solution in sodium carbonate 1 (benzilic acid is a stronger acid than benzoic), by shaking with ligroin,2 which extracts the benzoic acid from the benzilic, or by boiling with water 3 for some time until the odor of benzoic acid has disappeared. It is better to isolate the potassium salt, since upon acidification very pure benzilic acid is obtained in spite of the fact that it is slightly colored. 

Preparation 310.—Benzoyl Chloride (Acyl chloride of benzoic add). 

FOBMY1-, 41, 46 methyl ester of, 41, 47 Birch reduction of benzoic add, 43, 22... 

Answer By nitration of benzoic add using fuming UNOa and HjSO,. ... 

This method can be applied to systems such as the dissolution of benzoic add, boric acid, and salicylic add in sodium hydroxide (Blasinski and Puc, 1975). 

Louhichi, B., Bensalash, N. and Gadri, A. (2006), Electrochemical oxidation of benzoic add derivatives on boron doped diamond Voltammetric study and galvanostatic electrolyses. Chem. Eng. Technol., 29(8) 944-950. 

B) Two hundred grams of benzoic add (1.6 moles) is stirred into a liter of concentrated sulfuric acid contained in a 3-1. round-bottomed flask. The flask is surrounded by cold water, and the temperature is maintained below 45° while 80 cc. of fuming nitric acid is added. When the temperature of the reaction mixture has fallen to 30°, 240 cc. of fuming nitric acid is added, a beaker is inverted over the neck of the flask, and the mixture is allowed to stand for six weeks. 

B) Preparation of Benzoic Add (M.). For the preparation of one mole of the Grignard reagent use is made of the apparatus shown in Figure 52. It consists of a three-neck flask having a mercury-seal stirrer. An ordinary 500-ml round-bottom or Florence flask without a stirrer may be used for amounts less than 0.5 mole, although the time required for the preparation is longer. 

A. 3, 262. Ostwald s Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Nr. 22. (Investigations concerning the Radical of Benzoic Add, by Wohler and Liebig.)... 

It may be mentioned briefly that by the condensation of benzoic add with oxybenzolc adds, similar compounds are also obtained ... 

The dehydrator bottom, consisting essentially of benzoic add, is recycled to the reactor with the add recovered from the side stream. In this type of process, once-through conversion is about 60 per cent, and the yield of the separation is 85 to 90 molar per cent... 

Developed in Germany during the Second World War, this process was used in Japan by Mitsubishi in a 25,000 t/year plant, shut down in 1976. It is based on the disproportionation reaction of benzoic add to terephthalic add and benzene. Starting with toluene, it involves the following reactions ... 

Toluene is oxidized in die liquid phase in the presence of a soluble cohalt-based catalyst The neutralization of benzoic add by potash yields insoluble potassium benzoate, which is separated by centrifuging. The disproportionation of potassium benzoate takes place between 400 and 430 C, under C02 pressure ranging from 13 to 3.106 Pa absolute, in the presence of a catalyst consisting of cadmium or zinc oxides. The reaction takes place in the solid phase. Tercphthalic add is released from its salt by the action of sulfuric add. 

Let us now consider a specific example, that of benzoic acid, as worked out by Flexer, Hammett and Dingwall88. The absorption curves of benzoic add in different media (0-1N HjS04, O-IjV NaOH and in a buffer of Q-IM sodium acetate in 0-35M acetic add) are shown in Figure 7.6. The absorption data at different wavelengths are given in Table 7.5. The pKa of benzoic acid was calculated using the equation... 

Benscyllo alcohol—Benzoic alcohol—Benzgl hgdrale—C,H (CH OH) —108—does not exist in nature, and is of interest chiefly as corresponding to two important compound benzoic acid and benzoic aldehyde (oil of bitter almonds). It ia obtained by the action of potassium hydrate upon oil of bitter almonds, or by slowly adding sodium amalgam to a boiling eolution of benzoic add. 

Wt can compare these directly with the ionization of benzoic adds. If we simply move the carboxylic acid away from the ring, the p value for ionization gets less. This is just the effect of a more distant substituent. When there are two saturated carbons between the benzene ring and the carboxylic acid, there i almost no effect. When we are using the aromatic ring as a probe for a reaction mechanism, it must be placed not too far away from the reaction centre. However, if we restore electronic communications with a double bond, p goes back up again to a useful value. 

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