Occurrence in plants

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous. Every organism contains some carbohydrate. Carbohydrates can range from a simple monosaccharide to a large complex polysaccharide. Polysaccharides in combination with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids play an important role in many plant and animal metabolic systems. Carbohydrates have many roles in food systems, where they function to provide flavor, structure, and texture to food and nutritional benefits to the consumer. This chapter attempts to address the role of common plant monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides as ingredients in food systems by discussing their occurrence in plants, commercial processing, functionality, food uses, and healthful properties. 

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D-aZbacterial polysaccharides.174- 176(al Plants show heptulokinase activity176 1 the purification of D-aZfro-heptulose phosphate from Sedum spectabile has been described.176 1 The occurrence of D-wumno-heptulose phosphate in... 

The enzymic synthesis of D-plant polysaccharides. Xylose isomerase has been found in Lactobacillus pento-... 

Occurrence in plant Cell interior Structural tightly bound to cellulose wall of plant cell... 

The replacement of the oxygen atom of the secologanoside moiety (20) of strictosidine by a nitrogen atom in angustine bases 15 and in compounds 7 to 13 raised the question of their natural occurrence in plants. The usual extraction... 

Occurrence in plants used for human and animal food is very common, so the raffinose oligosaccharides may be of some nutritional significance. For example, the seeds of food legumes often contain raffinose in amounts equal to or greater than the amounts of sucrose. Cottonseed and soybean meals (after oil extraction) are fairly rich in raffinose and stachyose, respectively.80 86... 

Since the discovery of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, enteramine, thrombocytin) (VII), and the demonstration of its physiological activity and its important function as a neurohormone, the possibility of its occurrence in plants has attracted much attention. It was first shown to be present in Mucuna pruriens DC. (cowhage), and is probably responsible for the intense irritation which results when cowhage comes into contact with the skin (94). This irritation could be a mechanical effect due to the trichomes, but it is more likely to be the result of liberation of... 

Nothing is known about the biosynthesis of the maytansine group, the only ansamycins so far identified as being of plant origin. Their similarity to the bacterial metabolite geldanamycin has led to the hypothesis that despite their occurrence in plants, microorganisms might be involved in their production. 

Loewus, M.W., and Loewus, F.A., 1971, The isolation and characterization of D-glucose 6-phosphate cycloaldolase (NAD-dependent) from Acer pseudoplatanus L. cell cultures. Is occurrence in plants. Plant Physiol. 48 255-260. 

Phosphorylase is an enzyme of wide, if not universal, occurrence in plants. It is also found in animal skeletal muscle, liver, and heart. In animals, phosphorylases usually exist in two forms, the a form and the b form. The b form is converted enzymically into the active a form by phosphorylation. Phosphorylases isolated from different sources appear to differ in structure, but it is not yet known whether they differ in action pattern. 

Occurrence In plants, fruits, and vegetables from which it can be extracted. Also made synthetically. 

To investigate their possible occurrence in plants, we have developed convenient methods for the synthesis of 24-epiteasterone (71) and 24-epityphasterol (75) as well as their corresponding B-homo lactones 43 and 42, respectively (Scheme 9). For the synthesis of compound 71 the (24f )-3p-hydroxy-6-ketone 68 was used. Asymmetric catalytic dihydroxylation of the A22 double bond of 68 gave the (22/ ,23/f)-diol 71 as the main product, besides traces of its (22S,23S)-epimer. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 71 with CF3CO3H led to a 1 0.6 mixture of 2-deoxy-3,24-diepi brassinolide (43) and its 5a-oxa-6-oxo isomer 72, which were separated by preparative HPLC. 

In general, the hybrids can be expected to show the phenomenon of hybrid vigor. This is a common occurrence in plants and merely refers to the fact that when two strains of a species are crossed, the offspring often arc more vigorous (i.e., they grow faster, are larger and healthier looking) than either parent. The implications of this for cannabinoid yield are presently unclear. ... 

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