Observational rating scales

Clyde Mood Scale. The Clyde Mood Scale test may be used as either a self-rated or observer-rated scale. It contains 48 items to measure mood and has been shown to be sensitive to medicine effects. The test takes 5 to 15 minutes to complete and measures the immediate present in a patient or normal individual. The test gives six scores friendly, aggressive, clear-thinking, sleepy, unhappy, and dizzy. 

Interview child, parents, and teachers Direct observation Rating scales Psychological testing... 

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale Observational Severity of illness 7-point rating scale. Global improvement 7-point rating scale. Efficacy index 1 marked improvement 5-8 moderate 9-12 minimal 13-16 unchanged/worse Observational rating scale to compare severity of illness compared to other similar patients and measures improvement from baseline. The efficacy index measures therapeutic effect and side effects to determine the score... 

If observer-rated scales are used, these should be reliable (when rated by two or more... 

In all of these trials, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) [260], a well-validated and widely accepted observer rating scale for the assessment of the severity of depressive disorders, was employed as the primary outcome variable (if specified) or as the first of several outcome variables (if no distinction between primary and concomitant variables was made). As patients with psychotic features were excluded from most of the trials, the 17-item version was predominantly used. 

FIGURE 4.13 Effect of the allosteric modulator 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amyloride (EPA) on the kinetics dissociation of [3H] yohimbine from c/j-adrenoceptors, (a) Receptor occupancy of [3H] yohimbine with time in the absence (filled circles) and presence (open circles) of EPA 0.03 mM, 0.1 mM (filled triangles), 0.3 mM (open squares), 1 mM (filled squares), and 3 mM (open triangles), (b) Regression of observed rate constant for offset of concentration of [3H] yohimbine in the presence of various concentrations of EPA on concentrations of EPA (abscissae in mM on a logarithmic scale). Data redrawn from [13]. 

From the observed drop in yield, one can calculate the rate of Reaction 10 relative to hydride transfer with cyclobutane (on the rate scale used in Table I) as 1.55 for the ethyl ion and 0.83 for the propyl ion. 

Locomotion, stereotypy, and ataxia were rated via behavioral observations for all compounds, using behavioral rating scales devised specifically for PCP (Sturgeon et al. 1979). Behaviors were rated by observing each animal for 1 or 2 minutes at the midpoint of each 30-minute dosing interval during collection of the EEG. 

The pro- and anticonvulsant effects of the phencyclinoids were studied by assessing their ability to increase or decrease the intensity of electrically-induced convulsions. A 32 mA, 0.2-second stimulus was delivered via corneal electrodes with a constant-current electroshock apparatus. The shock parameters were chosen to produce a convulsion intensity of "3" on a five-point rating scale as follows 0 = stunned only, 1 = facial and vibrissae tremor, 2 = clonic forepaw treading, 3 = tonic forelimb extension, 4 = tonic forelimb and hindlimb extension, and 5 = death. Thus, both increases and decreases in the convulsion intensity subsequent to drug administration could be observed. 

This section focuses on steady and unsteady hydrodynamic modes that emerge as the rotational speed of the inner cylinder (expressed by Ta) and pressure-driven axial flow rate (scaled by Re) are varied, while the outer cylinder is kept fixed. These modes constitute primary, secondary and higher order bifurcations, which break the symmetry of the base helical Couette-Poiseuille (CP) flow and represent drastic changes in flow structure. Figure 4.4.2 presents a map of observed hydrodynamic modes in the (Ta, Re) space, and marks the domain where all of the hydrodynamic modes that interest us appear. We will return to this figure shortly. 

Finally, all of the trials in the FDA data set included the same measure of depression, a physician-rated scale called the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The Hamilton scale is completed by doctors based on interviews and observations of patients. The doctor rates the patient s mood, thoughts about suicide, sleep disturbances and other symptoms of depression. For example, one point is given if the patient feels that life is not worth living, and four points are scored if the person has made a serious suicide attempt. The result is a numerical score that can range from o to 51. 

Winokur et al. (Winokur et al. 2000) found that mirtazapine significantly decreased sleep latency and increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency from baseline levels during week 1, with similar results observed after week 2. Mirtazapine did not significantly alter REM sleep parameters. Clinically, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and sleep disturbance ratings improved after treatment. 

Thus, for this reaction, a substantial temperature difference exists between the solid surface and the bulk fluid. It has a far greater influence on the observed rate than the corresponding concentration difference. Differences of this magnitude can clearly lead to complications in the analysis of data obtained in laboratory scale reactors. If such differences will exist at the operating conditions to be employed in a commercial scale reactor, the design engineer must be sure to take them into account in his analysis. 

Covi Anxiety Scale. The Covi Anxiety Scale is a global observer s rating scale of patient anxiety. There are three items that are each rated on a 0-5 scale. The test is simple to use and requires only a few minutes to complete. 

Children s Diagnostic Classification. Children s Diagnostic Classification (CDC) test may be used instead of the Children s Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) to arrive at a diagnosis. This differs from the CPRS in that it is highly directed and leads the observer to a diagnosis. It rates the current status of the child and may be used at pretreatment and/or the termination of the clinical trial. 

Children s Psychiatric Rating Scale. The CPRS is a comprehensive scale to assess a wide range of psychopathologies in children up to age 15. It contains 63 items, with a seven-point scale derived from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). This test rates 28 items by direct observation of the child, based on behavior... 

Behavior. Activity level, restlessness, distractibility, behavioral inhibition, expressions of anxiety, engagement with the parents and with the interviewer, and evidence of medication side effects should be observed. Increased activity level could be a symptom of anxiety, ADHD, or mania. Particular rating scales may be useful, as discussed in Chapter 32 of this text. 

For each targeted symptom, symptom-rating scales can be utilized before treatment and at appropriate intervals after treatment is initiated. Whenever possible, it is helpful to combine self-report measure(s) with observer report measure(s). 

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