Amplitude-distance curve

Scanning force spectroscopy (SFS) Force-distance curves Amplitude-distance curves Phase-distance curves Frequency-distance curves - Kelvin probe spectroscopy - Scanning capacitance spectroscopy Full-resonance spectroscopy (FRS) AFAM resonance spectroscopy (AFAM-RS) Scanning spreading resistance spectroscopy (SSRS)... 

Fig. 2.22 Typical tapping mode amplitude-distance curve...

Fig. 3.41 Left Frequency sweep in water (silicon nitride lever) right amplitude distance curve recorded in water on a glass sample...

Spectroscopic techniques Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) Frequency-Distance Curves Force-Distance Curves Phase- Distance Curves Full-resonance Spectroscopy Adhesion Force Spectroscopy Amplitude-Distance Curves I(z) Spectroscopy I(v) Spectroscopy... 

Figure 19.4 Squeeze effect on cantilever oscillation amplitude and sensitivity to tip-sample interaction. The amplitude-distance curves were obtained using a cantilever with a 1.5 pm long, bird-bill-shaped tip (a) or a cantilever having an additional 1.0 pm long needle-shaped tip (b),...

Force-distance curves Amplitude-distance curves Phase-distance curves Frequency-distance curves... 

The curve is defined by the Amplitude/Distance pairs P,(Aj,S ), documented in a corresponding DAC table and stored in the instrument s memory. 

Figure 5-1 shows the behavior of both the quasi steady-state solution, Eq. [27], for t 100 d, and the unsteady-state solution, Eq. [21], for t = 1, 10, 20 and 100 d. Equations [A24] and [A25] have been incorporated into Eq. [21] to develop the concentration curves. The values of the parameters are presented on Fig. 5-1, except co = 1/24 hr1 and R = 1. For t 100 d, the quasi steady-state solution, Eq. [27], gives the same results as are given by Eq. [21], the unsteady-state solution. Obviously, 100 d is a long enough time for the unsteady-state effects to disappear from the 500 cm length of column in Fig. 5-1. Dispersion acts to reduce the height of the peaks and fill in the valleys of the concentration vs>distance curve. Although the sinusoidal fluctuations in concentration amplitude are) dampened by dispersion, they are still visible after the solute travels 500 cmN- ...

FIGURE 30.6 Properties of central nervous system stimulation, (a) The strength-duration relationship describes the amplitude required for stimulation as a function of the stimulation pulse duration. Strength-duration curves for intracellular stimulation of different neural elements were constructed from data summarized in Ranck, 1976. (b) The current-distance relationship describes the threshold intensity required for stimulation as a function of the distance between the electrode and the neuron. Current-distance curves for axons and cells were constructed from data summarized in Ranck, 1976. 

Resistance to microfissuring is strongly affected by plate structure it is excellent in a plate with fine and fibrous structure, as shown in Fig. 1. Because of severe safety requirements for LNG storage tanks, the quality of the majority of welds is specified to be monitored by ultrasonic inspection. The accuracy of ultrasonic inspection of weld defects depends mainly on the ultrasonic characteristics of the base metal, in which noises and attenuations are important. Distance amplitude correction curves, obtained in accordance with Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and NV Rules, are shown in Fig. 1. Since the evaluation level is 20% of the reference level (R.L.), it is difficult to detect defects unless the noise level is below 20% of R.L. at every node. Noises and attenuations of ultrasonic responses increase with coarsened plate structure, and in plates with very... 

Fig. 4.6 Orbital symmetry in the first n n electronic transition of ethylene. Panels A, B Contour plots of the amplitudes of the HOMO (tr. A) and LUMO (tr, B) wavefunctions. C, D Contour plots of the product of the two wavefunctions. The C=C bond is aligned with the y axis, and the atomic z axes are parallel to the molecular z axis. In A-C, the plane of the drawing coincides with the yz plane in D, the plane of the drawing is parallel to the molecular xy plane and is above this plane by the Bohr radius (Uo = 0.529 A). The wavefunctions are constructed as in Fig. 2.7. Solid curves represent positive amplitudes dotted curves, negative. Distances are plotted as dimensionless multiples of and the contour intervals are O.OSOo in A and B and 0.02a in C and D. The arrows in C and D show the transition dipole in units of eA/a<, as calculated by Eq. (4.22e)...

Fig. 4.9 Contour plots of the two highest occupied orbitals (ipi and 1P2) and the two lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals ( [>3 and V a) of bacteriochlorophyll-a. The plane of each drawing is parallel to the plane of the macrocyclic ring and is above the ring by the Bohr radius, Oo (Fig. 2.7, panels D, E). Solid curves represent positive amplitudes dotted curves, negative amplitudes. The contours for zero amplitude are omitted for clarity. Distances are given as multiples of a , and the contour intervals are 0.02oo - The skeleton of the n system is shown with heavy lines. The coefficients for the atomic orbitals were obtained with the program QCFF/PI [25, 149]...

Figure 9.9 Simulated amplitude [a] and phase [b] distance curves for two different free oscillation amplitudes Aq = 20 nm [curve A] and Ao = 21 nm [curve B], While curves A [Aq < Ac] show no jump to the repulsive regime and therefore no hysteresis, the retracting part of curve B (Ao > Ac] remains significantly longer in the repulsive regime than the approaching part, leading to a hysteresis cycle. [Reprinted figure with permission from Ref 24, copyright 2002, American Physical Society.]...

With the reference block method the distance law of a model reflector is established experimentally prior to each ultrasonic test. The reference reflectors, mostly bore holes, are drilled into the reference block at different distances, e.g. ASME block. Prior to the test, the reference reflectors are scanned, and their maximised echo amplitudes are marked on the screen of the flaw detector. Finally all amplitude points are connected by a curve. This Distance Amplitude Curve (DAC) serves as the registration level and exactly shows the amplitude-over-distance behaviour" of the reference reflector for the probe in use. Also the individual characteristics of the material are automatically considered. However, this curve may only be applied for defect evaluation, in case the reference block and the test object are made of the same material and have undergone the same heat treatment. As with the DGS-Method, the value of any defect evaluation does not consider the shape and orientation of the defect. The reference block method is safe and easy to apply, and the operator need not to have a deep understanding about the theory of distance laws. 

A similar treatment applies for the unstable regime of the phase diagram (v / < v /sp), where the mixture decays via spinodal decomposition.For the linearized theory of spinodal decomposition to hold, we must require that the mean square amplitude of the growing concentration waves is small in comparison with the distance from the spinodal curve. 

The relative amplitude of the two curves will depend on the attenuation constant of the protected and unprotected structures, the spacing between them, and the distance between the two structures and the groundbed. The total effect at any point on the unprotected structure is obtained by adding together the two currents due to (a) and (b) as shown in curve NGN. ... 

---