Nymphalidae

Rothschild M. and Mummery R. (1986). Carotenoids of butterfly models and their mimics (Lep Papilionidae and Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc 28 359-372. 

From the hair-pencils of butterflies in Danainae and Ithomiinae (Papilion-oidea Nymphalidae), a wider variety of pyrrolizines (la-d, and 6a-d) have been identified than from Arctiidae moths. These compounds are biosynthesized from pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are included in host plants fed by the larvae and protect them from the attacks of other herbivores [122]. In addition to novel lactones (7, 8a, and 8b) derived from an acid part of the alkaloids, many volatiles of more than 100 compounds (aromatics, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, and others) constitute scent bouquets of the male butterflies [123]. For example, the hair-pencil of Idea leuconoe (Danainae) which is distributed in South-East Asia contained 16 compounds (6b, 8a, 8b, 9, and others), and a mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in the females as a crude extract of the male hair-pencils did [ 124]. A chiral GC analysis revealed the absolute config-... 

Lepidoptera Nymphalidae (butterflies) Danainae Lycorea ceres ceres M H 25 55,148a... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids differential acquisition and use patterns in Apocynaceae and Solanaceae feeding ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 58 99-123. 

Wink, M. and von Nickisch-Rosenegk, E. (1997). Sequence data of mitochondrial 16S rDNA of arctiidae and nymphalidae evidence for a convergent evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid and cardiac glycoside sequestration. Journal of Chemical Ecology 23 1549-1568. 

Trigo J. R., Brown K. S., Jr, Witte L., Hartmann T., Ernst L. and Barata L. E. S. (1996) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids different acquisition and use patterns in Apocynaceae and Solanaceae feeding ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linnean... 

Species in a relatively small number of herbivorous families dominate the list of plant feeders associated with alkaloid-rich foods. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) have catholic tastes when it comes to alkaloid-fortified plants, being represented by the families Nymphalidae (calystegine A-3, pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine type, harman), Arctiidae (senecionine type), Papilionidae (synephrine, isoquinolines), and Pterophoridae (monoterpene alkaloid rhexifoline).6 In addition, beetles (Chrysomelidae) sequester PAs (senecionine), grasshoppers (Acrididae) store senecionine, and aphids (Aphididae) sequester QAs (sparteine and diterpene alkaloids). 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a typical class of plant secondary metabolites, which certain butterflies and moths in particular groups, that is, Danainae, Ithomiinae (Nymphalidae), and Arctiidae, sequester as larvae or adults and utilize as chemical defensive substances against predatory enemies, probably due to their bitter taste and hepatotoxicity.13 PAs also serve as precursors of male pheromones of PA-storing lepidopterans. 

It has been found a relationship between the concentration and the kind of iridoids in some plants rich on iridoids with the oviposition and larvae cycle of some species of the Lepidopterae, Nymphalidae and Chrysomelidae families, like Euphydryas [9], Junonia [10, 11], Melitaea [12], Longitarsus [13] genus. 

Lindqvist, L., 1994. Metal uptake and accumulation during growth of Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) larvae. Environ. Entomol. 23, 975-978. 

Bowers, M. D., Iridoid glycosides and host-plant specificity in larvae of the buckeye butterfly, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae), J. Chem. Ecol., 10, 1567-1577 (1984). 

Gardner, D. R. and F. R. Stermitz, Host plant utilization and iridoid glycoside sequestration by Euphydryas anicia (Lepidop-tera Nymphalidae), J. Chem. Ecol., 14, 2147-2168 (1988). 

Stermitz, F. R., D. R. Gardner, F. J. Odendaal, and P. R. Ehrlich, Euphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) utilization of iridoid monoterpenes from Castilleja and Besseya (Scro-phulariaceae) host plants, J. Chem. Ecol., 12, 1459-1468 (1986b). 

Courtship Behavior and Use of Chemical Communication by Males of Certain Species of Ithomiinae Butterflies (Nymphalidae Lepidoptera) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68, 935-942 (1975). 

Brown, K.S., Jr. Chemical Ecology of Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Adult Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Rev. Bras. Biol. 44, 435-460 (1985). 

Penuelas, J., Filella, 1., Stefanescu, C., Llusia, J. (2005) Caterpillars of Euphydryas aurinia (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) feeding on Succisapratensis leaves induce large foliar emissions of methanol. The New Phytologist, 167,851-857. 

Calvert, W. H. and Hanson, F. E. (1981) The role of sensory structures and pre-oviposition behavior in oviposition by the Texas Checkerspot butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer) Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) (in preparation). 

Bowers, M. D. (1980) Unpalatability as a defense strategy of Euphydryasphaeton (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Evolution, 34, 586-600. 

Smith, D. A. S. (1976) Phenotypic diversity, mimicry and natural selection in the African butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 8, 183-204. 

Turner, J. R. G. (1976b) Adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus Heliconius(Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 58, 297-308. 

Young, A. M. (1980) Over-exploitation of larval host plants by the butterflies Heliconius cydno and Heliconius sapho (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Heliconiinae Heliconiini) in Costa Rica. J. N. Y. ent. Soc., 88, 217-27. 

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