Nutritional support therapies enteral nutrition

Healthcare professionals can restore or maintain the patient s nutritional balance by administering nutritional support therapy to replace nutrients that the patient lost. There are two types of nutritional support therapies enteral and parenteral. 

Adjunctive therapy with fluid and electrolyte replacement should be initiated. Nutritional support with enteral or parenteral nutrition may be indicated for patients unable to eat for more than 5 to 7 days.2 Some evidence suggests that enteral nutrition provides anti-inflammatory effects in patients with active CD.40,41... 

Preparation (Table 11.1) given to patients receiving enteral nutritional support therapy depends on the nutrient, caloric values, and osmolality that the patient requires. These preparations are grouped as ... 

Enteral nutritional support therapy occurs when food is administered by mouth or a feeding tube that leads directly into the stomach or small intestine. 

What must be functioning before administering enteral nutritional support therapy ... 

A patient might experience uncontrolled vomiting and aspiration during enteral nutritional support therapy because the GI motility and small bowel are not functioning. 

What is the blenderized group of enteral nutritional support therapy preparations ... 

Name three common lactose-free liquid polymeric enteral nutritional support therapy preparations. Three common lactose-free liquid polymeric enteral nutritional support therapy preparations are Ensure, Isocal, and Osmolite. 

Three complications of enteral nutritional support therapy are dehydration, aspiration, and diarrhea. 

Other support therapies for AIDS patients that can be given at home are nutrition support, parenteral and enteral, IV immunoglobulins, chemotherapy in lymphoma or Kaposi s sarcoma, and care of terminally ill patients. 

Parenteral nutrition can be a lifesaving therapy in patients with intestinal failure, but the oral or enteral route is preferred when providing nutrition support ( when the gut works, use it ). Compared with PN, enteral nutrition generally is associated with fewer infectious complications (e.g., pneumonia, intraabdominal abscess, and catheter-related infections) and potentially improved outcomes.1-3 However, if used in appropriate patients (i.e., patients with questionable intestinal function or when the intestine cannot be used), PN can be used safely and effectively and may improve nutrient delivery.4 Indications for PN are listed in Table 97-1.1... 

The gastrointestinal (Gl) tract is the optimal route for providing nutrients unless obstruction, severe pancreatitis, or other Gl complications are present (see Fig. 136-1). Other considerations that may have an impact on determination of an appropriate route for nutrition support include expected duration of nutrition therapy and risk of aspiration. Patients who have nonfunctional Gl tracts or are otherwise not candidates for enteral nutrition (EN) may benefit from PN. Use of the intravenous route for nutrition support is also commonly referred to as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or hyperalimentation. Routine monitoring is necessary to ensure that the nutrition regimen is suitable for a given patient as his or her clinical condition changes and to minimize or treat complications early. 

Overall, nutrition therapy is a component of medical treatment that includes oral, enteral, and parenteral nutrition (PN). However, a meta-analysis provided no evidence that nutritional support has a significant effect on anthropometric measures, lung function, or exercise capacity in patients with stable COPD (25,26). By contrast, repeated administration of ghrelin, a novel growth hormone- releasing peptide that is reduced in COPD (27), may improve body composition, muscle wasting, and functional capacity in cachectic patients with COPD, thus possibly reversing some of the systemic aspects of COPD (28). 

Nutrition is utilized to provide general support for the debilitated patient with a chronic illness. Often, patients are deficient in protein, calories, potassium, vitamins, etc. The healing process is impaired by poor nutrition and is enhanced by proper nutrition. In some cases enteral nutrition is not practical or is impossible. With the techniques of total parenteral nutrition, it is now possible to provide nutritional support for almost all types of patients. Specific nutritional therapy is necessary in certain types of metabolic and related diseases. Nutritional therapy is essential in conditions where specific food intolerances are the basis for a disease. 

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