Nuclide, chart

Figure 1 Part from the Nuclide Chart with basic properties of important isotopes of rhenium and its...

Figure 11.6 Position of the known spontaneously fissioning isomers in the nuclide chart. (Figure also appears in color figure section.)...

Figure 11.6 Position of the known spontaneously fissioning isomers in the nuclide chart.

Fig. 4. Platinum region of the nuclidic chart. Nuclei which we have studied are indicated by a triangle in the upper right corner.

Fig. 36. Snapshots in the nuclidic chart of flow patterns in a ID model of a detonating He layer accreted onto a 0.8M WD. The selected times and corresponding temperatures or densities are given in different panels. The stable nuclides are indicated with open squares. The magic neutron and proton numbers are identified by vertical and horizontal double lines. The drip lines predicted by a microscopic mass model are also shown. The abundances are coded following the grey scales shown in each panel. At early times (bottom left panel), an r-process type of flow appears on the neutron-rich side of the valley of nuclear stability. At somewhat later times (top left panel), the material is pushed back to the neutron-deficient side rather close to the valley of /3-stability. As time passes (two right panels), a pn-process [87] develops...

In graphs like Fig. 3.1, Z is conunonly plotted as the abscissa we have here reversed the axes to conform with the commercially available isotope and nuclide charts. 

FIG. 4.7. Beginning part of a nuclide chart and schematic nuclear decay and reaction paths. 

For element 104 the names Kurchatovium (Ku) and Rutherfordium (Rf) were proposed by the groups at Dubna and Berkeley, respectively, thereby emphasizing their claim to the discoveries. The International Union on Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) has now decided on the following names element 104 Rutherfordium (Rf), element 105 Dubnium (Db), element 106 Seaborgium (Sg), element 107 Bohrium (Bh), element 108 Hassium (Hs), and element 109 Meitnerium (Mt). In the Periodic Table and nuclide charts we have thus used io4Rf. 106 8 107 > 108 So far no names have been... 

Recently there has come new radiochemical evidence about the age of our Galaxy. Consider Figure 17.9, which shows a part of a nuclide chart the zigzag arrow shows nuclides formed in the s-process, the lower right arrows nuclides formed by the r-process. 

O Table 14.1 shows a nuclide chart corresponding to charged particle reactions with Mo. Both (d,n) and (d,2n) reactions are energetically allowed (have energy requirements, Q, that are met by the bombarding particle) and lead directly to Tc. For example, the Q values for Mo (d,n) Tc and Mo(d,2n) Tc are —3.25 and —4.74 MeV, respectively. The Q value for Mo (d,2n) Tc is —3.42 MeV. In addition, (d,p) reactions with Mo and °°Mo produce Mo isotopes that subsequently decay to Tc. Therefore, the bombardments produced many different radioactive products, but after a few months 61-day Tc and 90.1-day Tc dominate the activity. Note that both of these are isomeric levels. One, " Tc, decays primarily (96%) by electron capture (EC) and subsequent y-ray emission. The other, Tc, decays by a highly converted 96.6 keV transition, which presumably produced the slow electrons reported (Perrier and Segre 1937). 

Nuclide chart showing stable molybdenum isotopes and radioactive products from deuteron bombardments... 

Some half-lives of isomeric states can be very long, for example, lOmgj decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 3.0 X 10 year. Alpha decay is, however, a rare mode of decay from a metastable state gamma-ray emission is much more likely. A gamma transition from an isomeric state is called an isomeric transition (IT). On the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, these are shown as white sections within a square that is coloured (if the ground state is radioactive) or black (if the ground state is stable). 

Other neutron-induced reactions will normally involve energetic or fast neutrons, where the extra kinetic energy is needed to knock out extra particles. Common reactions are (n, p), (n, a) and (n, 2n), and Figure 1.28 shows these transformations on the Z against N nuclide chart format. The quantity of radioactivity formed by these reactions is often small because of relatively low fluxes of fast neutrons and small cross-sections. However, reactor operators and persons involved in reactor decommissioning wiU be aware of the significant amounts of activity that can be formed by certain reactions, such as, Fe(n, p) Mn, Ni(n, p) Co and Al (n, a) Na. The likelihood of the production of aU these radionuclides can again be followed on the nuclide chart. 

Figure 1.30 The location of fission products on the Nuclide Chart, indicating regions of high independent yield. The inset shows how data are presented for the cumulative yield of each isobar...

Chart of the Nuclides, 12th ed.. General Electric Co., Nuclear Power Systems Division, San Jose, Calif., 1977. 

F. W. Walker, J. R. Farrington, and F. Feiner. Chart of the Nuclides. l4th Edition. General Electric Company, 1989, pp. 26—27 ... 

Walker, F. W. Parrington, J. R. Feiner, F. Nuclides and Isotopes. In Chart of the Nuclides, 14th ed. GE Nuclear Energy, General Electric Company, Nuclear Energy Operations, 175 Curtner Avenue, M/C 397, San Jose, CA, 95125 (USA), Revised 1989. 

Holden, N. E. and Walker, F. W. (1972). Chart of the Nuclides, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, General Electric Company (Educational Relations, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York). 

Fig. 1.2. Chart of the nuclides, in which Z is plotted against N. Stable nuclei are shown in dark shading and known radioactive nuclei in light shading. Arrows indicate directions of some simple nuclear transformations. After Krane (1987). Reproduced by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

The matrix of isotopic abundances a, b was taken from the Chart of the Nuclides (Walker et al, 1989) and commercial Oak Ridge data sheets. Last column adjusted values of the ion currents /, Ion currents are converted into voltage through a high-value resistor. 

Seelmann-Eggebert, W., Pfennig, G., Miinzel, H. Chart of the nuclides. Gersbach Verlag MUnchen 1974... 

Figure 11.1 is a chart of nuclides with N as the ordinate and Z as the abscissa. In this representation, isotones appear along horizontal Unes and isotopes along the same vertical line. The opposite sort of representation is known as a Segre chart. ... 

All elements with Z > 83 (Bi) are unstable and belong to chains of radioactive decay, or decay series. Three decay series include all radioactive elements in the Z > 83 part of the chart of nuclides—namely, 4n, 4n + 2, and 4n + 3 (because the decay takes place by a emission with mass decrease of four units, or by jS emission with a negligible mass decrease, all nuclides within a series differ by... 

Figure 11,1 Chart of nuclides. stable, unstable. Reproduced with modihcations from Rankama (1954). 

Figure 11.2 Enlarged portions of Segre chart of nuclides, showing s-process (upper chain) and r-process (lower chain). White boxes stable nuclides diagonally ruled boxes unstable nuclides crosshatched boxes highly unstable nuclides.

Pfennig, G. Klewe-Nebenius, H. Seelmann-Eggebert, W. Chart of the Nuclides, 6th ed. 1995, revised reprint 1998, Research Centre Karlsruhe, Germany. 

Lockheed Martin (2002) Chart of the Nuclides. Lockheed Martin. 

Chart of the nuclides organizing elements by their nuclear properties... 

The Chart of the Nuclides provides a very useful way to organize the large number of different nuclides. The chart, a publication of Lockheed Martin, is available through their website atwww.ChartOfTheNuchdes.com. Analogous compilations are also available from other sources. The chart plots the atomic number, Z, against the number of neutrons, N. For... 

The Chart of the NucUdes reveals several important features of matter. The stable nuclides Ue along a trend that starts at close to 45 degrees, corresponding to approximately equal numbers of protons and neutrons, but becomes shallower as N and Z increase. This reflects the extra neutrons required to stabilize the nucleus against the electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged protons. When the nuclides become too large, the forces... 

Schematic presentation of the Chart of the Nuclides, which plots Z (number of protons) versus N (number of neutrons). Stable isotopes, shown in black, define a narrow band within a wider band of unstable nuclides. In general, elements with even Z are more abundant and have more isotopes than elements with odd Z. Among the isotopes of a given element, those with even N are more abundant than those with odd N.

Detailed view of a portion of the Chart of the Nuclides. Stable isotopes are shaded. For stable nuclides, isotopic abundances are given below the element symbol and isotopic masses are given at the bottom of the square. Half-lives of the unstable nuclides are given, along with their decay modes. 

Effects of different modes of radioactive decay on the position of an isotope on the Chart of the Nuclides. Beta-decay, which changes a neutron to a proton, moves the nuclide up and to the left. Positron decay or electron capture, which changes a proton into a neutron, moves the nuclide down and to the right. And -decay, which is the emission of a 4He nucleus, moves the nuclide down and to the left. 

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