Norovirus gastroenteritis

Costas, L., Vilella, A., Llupia, A., Bosch, J., Jimenez de Anta, M. T., and Trilla, A. (2007). Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among staff at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain, September 2007. Euro Surveill. 12, E071122.5. 

Hjertqvist, M., Johansson, A., Svensson, N., Abom, P. E., Magnusson, C., Olsson, M., Hedlund, K. O., and Andersson, Y. (2006). Four outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis after consuming raspberries, Sweden, June-August 2006. Euro Surveill. 11, E060907.1. 

Honish, L., Talbot, J., Dragon, D., and Utgoff, D. (2008). Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis at a university student residence—Edmonton, Alberta, 2006. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 34,1-7. 

Mesquita, J. R. and Nascimento, M. S. (2009). A foodborne outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with a Christmas dinner in Porto, Portugal, December 2008. Euro Surveill. 14,19355. 

Nomura, K., Murai, H., Nakahashi, T., Mashiba, S., Watoh, Y., Takahashi, T., and Morimoto, S. (2008). Qutbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in elderly evacuees after the 2007 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan. /. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56, 361-363. 

Nordgren, J., Kindberg, E., Lindgren, P. E., Matussek, A., and Svensson, L. (2010). Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak with a secretor-independent susceptibility pattern, Sweden. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 81-87. 

Yamagami, T. and Hara, S. (2007). Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis involving multiple institutions. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 60,146-147. 

Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Healthcare Settings (2011)... 

Bruggink, L. and Marshall, J. (2008). Molecular changes in the norovirus polymerase gene and their association with incidence of G11.4 norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2001-2005. Arch. Virol. 153, 729-732. 

Bruggink, L., Sameer, R., and Marshall, J. (2010). Molecular and epidemiological characteristics of norovirus associated with community-based sporadic gastroenteritis incidents and norovirus outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002-2007. Intervirology 53,167-172. 

Calderon-Margalit, R., Sheffer, R., Halperin, T., Orr, N., Cohen, D., and Shohat, T. (2005). A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with Norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemiol. Infect. 133, 35-40. 

Dreyfuss, M. S. (2009). Is norovirus a foodborne or pandemic pathogen An analysis of the transmission of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis and the roles of food and food handlers. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6,1219-1228. 

Gallimore, C. I., Cheesbrough, J. S., Lamden, K., Bingham, C., and Gray, J. J. (2005a). Multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103,323-330. 

Hewitt, J., Bell, D., Simmons, G. C., Rivera-Aban, M., Wolf, S., and Greening, G. E. (2007). Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by waterborne norovirus at a New Zealand ski resort. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 7853-7857. 

Johansen, K., Mannerqvist, K., Allard, A., Andersson, Y., Burman, L. G., Dillner, L., Hedlund, K. O., Jonsson, K., Kumlin, U., Leitner, T., Lysen, M., Thorhagen, M., et al. (2008). Norovirus strains belonging to the GII.4 genotype dominate as a cause of nosocomial outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Sweden 1997-2005. Arrival of new variants is associated with large nation-wide epidemics. /. Clin. Virol. 42,129-134. 

Kageyama, T., Shinohara, M., Uchida, K., Fukushi, S., Hoshino, F. B., Kojima, S., Takai, R., Oka, T., Takeda, N., and Katayama, K. (2004). Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan. /. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 2988-2995. 

Le Guyader, E. S., Bon, F., DeMedici, D., Pamaudeau, S., Bertone, A., Crudeli, S., Doyle, A., Zidane, M., Suffredini, E., KohU, E., Maddalo, F., Monini, M., et al. (2006b). Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44,3878-3882. 

Le Guyader, F. S., Krol, J., Ambert-Balay, K., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., DesaubUaux, B., Pamaudeau, S., Le Saux, J. C., Ponge, A., Pothier, P., Atmar, R. L., and Le Pendu, J. (2010). Comprehensive analysis of a norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreak, from the environment to the consumer. /. Clin. Microbiol. 48, 915-920. 

Lopman, B., Vennema, H., Kohli, E., Pothier, P., Sanchez, A., Negredo, A., Buesa, J., Schreier, E., Reacher, M., Brown, D., Gray, J., Iturriza, M., et al. (2004). Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 363, 682-688. 

Lowther, J. A., Avant, J. M., Gizynski, K., Rangdale, R. E., and Lees, D. N. (2010). Comparison between quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR results for norovirus in oysters and self-reported gastroenteric illness in restaurant customers. /. Food Prot. 73, 305-311. 

Maunula, L. and Von Bonsdorff, C. H. (2005). Norovirus genot q)es causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in Finland 1998-2002. J. Clin. Virol. 34,186-194. 

Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Euro Surveill. 14. 

Parshionikar, S. U., Willian-True, S., Pout, G. S., Robbins, D. E., Seys, S. A., Cassady, J. D., and Harris, R. (2003). Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5263-5268. 

Shinkawa, N., Noda, M., Yoshizumi, S., Tokutake, Y., Shiraishi, T., Arita-Nishida, T., Nishio, O., Oka, T., Hansman, G. S., Takeda, N., and Kimura, H. (2008). Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in food handler-associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Japan. Intervirology 51, 422 26. 

Tsugawa, T., Numata-Kinoshita, K., Honma, S., Nakata, S., Tatsumi, M., Sakai, Y., Natori, K., Takeda, N., Kobayashi, S., and Tsutsumi, H. (2006). Virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup II norovirus in an infant home. /. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 177-182. 

Xerry, J., Gallimore, C. I., Iturriza-Gomara, M., and Gray, J. J. (2009). Tracking the transmission routes of genogroup 11 noroviruses in suspected food-bome or environmental outbreaks of gastroenteritis through sequence analysis of the P2 domain. /. Med. Virol. 81, 1298-1304. 

Viruses are the most common cause of diarrheal illness in the world, resulting in about 450,000 and 160,000 hospitalizations for adults and children, respectively, and over 4000 deaths.40,41 A number of viruses may cause gastroenteritis, including rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and coronoviruses (Table 73-4). This chapter will focus on rotaviruses. 

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