Nonspecific surface interactions

In the absence of these or other specific surface interactions between the bodies involved in transfer printing, nonspecific surface interactions can guide the transfer. Although they are relatively weak, short-ranged interactions,... 

Fig. 10 PEGylation on the surface. A highly dense PEG layer composed of mixed-PEG prevents nonspecific protein interactions and inactivation of Fab ...

Reaction 5.1 is meant to represent a nonspecific electrostatic interaction (presumably responsible for double-layer charge accumulation) Reaction 5.2 symbolizes specific adsorption (e.g., ion/dipole interaction) Reaction 5.3 represents electron transfer across the double layer. Together, these three reactions in fact symbolize the entire field of carbon electrochemistry electric double layer (EDL) formation (see Section 5.3.3), electrosorption (see Section 5.3.4), and oxidation/reduction processes (see Section 5.3.5). The authors did not discuss what exactly >C, represents, and they did not attempt to clarify how and why, for example, the quinone surface groups (represented by >CxO) sometimes engage in proton transfer only and other times in electron transfer as well. In this chapter, the available literature is scrutinized and the current state of knowledge on carbon surface (electrochemistry is assessed in search of answers to such questions. 

The ionic interactions are, however, less suitable for distinguishing between various base pairs, since only the phosphates of the backbone from the DNA are involved in the interaction. Together with the specific H-bonds, the nonspecific ionic interactions contribute significantly to the formation of a stable complex. The positively charged surface of DNA-binding proteins is also the reason for the ability of many such proteins to bind DNA nonspecifically. 

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