Nonmetallic materials concrete

Nonferrous materials such as aluminum and copper Specialty metals such as titanium and zirconium Nonmetallic materials, such as, plastic, composites and concrete Metallic and nonmetallic protective coatings... 

The most common example of a nonmetallic particle system in a nonmetallic matrix, indeed the most common composite material, is concrete. Concrete is particles of sand and gravel (rock particles) that are bonded together with a mixture of cement and water that has chemically reacted and hardened. The strength of the concrete is... 

Portland cement is the least expensive, most widely used synthetic inorganic polymer. It is employed as the basic nonmetallic, nonwoody material of construction. Concrete highways and streets span our countryside and concrete skyscrapers silhouette the urban skyline. Less spectacular uses are found in everyday life as sidewalks, fence posts, and parking bumpers. 

There is considerable need for additional studies on innovative constmction materials such as corrosion-resistant alloy/clad rebars (both metallic and nonmetallic) and more durable concretes with inherent corrosion-resistant properties. Further research and development in rehabilitation technologies that can mitigate corrosion with minimal maintenance requirements such as sacrificial cathodic protection (CP) systems is desirable. 

It is known that, when iron is exposed to a natural atmosphere, then rust is formed. Although the rusting of iron or steel is usually termed as corrosion, the latter is a general term which is used to define the destructive interaction of a material with its environment Corrosion usually refers to metals, though nonmetallic substrates such as plashes, concrete or wood also deteriorate in the environment Corrosion causes enormous industrial losses with a deplehon of our natural resources. When... 

Plastics surpassed steel on a volume basis about 1983 and by the start of this century plastics surpassed steel on a weight basis (Fig. 8.1). Plastics and a few other materials as shown in Fig. 8.1 represent about 10wt% of all materials consumed worldwide. The two major and important materials consumed are wood and construction or nonmetallic earthen (stone, clay, concrete, glass, etc.). Volumewise wood and construction materials each approach about 70 billion ft (2 billion m ). Each represents about 45% of the total consumption of all materials. 

All these materials are characterized as nonmetallic mineral materials. A biogenic attack can be caused by almost all microorganisms and by the mechanisms described above [7,25,34,68,71,80,85,86,90,91,97-100], Only the action of exoenzymes, emulsifying agents, and organic solvents seems to be negligible for these materials. However, if mixtures of mineral materials with organic polymers are used to improve the properties, as in resin-modified mortars or in resin- or sulfur-bound concrete, the latter mechanisms may contribute to some extent. 

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