Nonionic surfactants vesicles

Mention should also be made in this section of niosomes, which are nonionic surfactant vesicles that have shown promise as inexpensive and chemically stable alternatives to liposomes [67]. 

Niosomes and Elastic Niosomes—Nonionic Surfactant Vesicles.259... 

NIOSOMES AND ELASTIC NIOSOMES—NONIONIC SURFACTANT VESICLES... 

Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) were first proposed by Handjani-Vila et al. [36] as systems to improve accumulation of the active molecule within the skin and thus benefit cosmetic products. These reports opened the way for an intensive investigation of these vesicles as carriers for skin administration of drugs [37-47],... 

Holland, H.E., et al. 1994. Estradiol permeation from nonionic surfactant vesicles through human stratum corneum in vitro. Pharm Res 11 659. 

H. E. J. Holland, R. van der Geest, H. E. Bodde, H. E. Junginger, and J. A. Bouwstra. Estradiol permeation from nonionic surfactant vesicles through human stratum corneum in vitro, Pharma. Res. 11 659-664 (1994). 

D. A. van Hal, Nonionic surfactant vesicles for dermal and transdermal drug delivery, thesis, Leiden University, 1994, pp. 149-176. 

Talsma, H., Van Steenbergen, M. J., Borchert, J. C. H., Crommelin, D. J. A. (1994), A novel technique for the one-step preparation of liposomes and nonionic surfactant vesicles without the use of organic solvents. Liposome formation in a continuous gas stream The bubble method,/. Pharm. Sci., 83, 276-280. 

Niosomes In order to circumvent some of the limitations encountered with liposomes, such as their chemical instability, the cost and purity of the natural phospholipids, and oxidative degradation of the phospholipids, niosomes have been developed. Niosomes are nonionic surfactant vesicles which exhibit the same bilay-ered structures as liposomes. Their advantages over liposomes include improved chemical stability and low production costs. Moreover, niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, and nonimmunogenic [215], They were also shown to increase the ocular bioavailability of hydrophilic drugs significantly more than liposomes. This is due to the fact that the surfactants in the niosomes act as penetrations enhancers and remove the mucous layer from the ocular surface [209]. 

Niosomes Nonionic surfactant vesicles with similar property as liposomes Loading all kinds of active agents for same aims as for liposomes 32... 

I. F. Uchegbu and A. T. Florence. Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) physical and pharmaceutical chemistry. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 58, 1-55 (1995)... 

Nonionic surfactant vesicles have been reported successfully, as ocular vehicles for cyclopen-tolate. In the in vivo study, niosomes, independent of their pH, significantly improved the ocular bioavailability of cyclopentolate, with respect to reference buffer solution, indicating that it can be used as an efficient vehicle for ocular drug delivery. ... 

Yoshioka el al. formulated a nonionic surfactant vesicle-in-water-in-oil (V/W/O) system for potential use in vaccine delivery. Initial studies of the system in vivo, as an adjuvant for tetanus toxoid, using cottonseed oil as the external oil phase, showed enhanced immunological activity over the free antigen or vesicles (109). 

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