Nonequilibrium solid body

Similar linear dependences for SP - OPD with various were obtained in Ref. [7] and they testify to molecular mobility level reduction at decrease and extrapolate to various (nonintegral) values at = 1.0. The comparison of these data with the Eq. (1.5) appreciation shows, that reduction is due to local order level enhancement and the condition = 1.0 is realized at values, differing from 2.0 (as it was supposed earlier in Ref [23]). This is defined by pol5miers sfructure quasiequilibrium state achievement, which can be described as follows [24]. Actually, tendency of thermodynamically nonequilibrium solid body, which is a glassy polymer, to equilibrium state is classified within the fimneworks of cluster model as local order level enhancement or (p j increase [24-26], However, this tendency is balanced by entropic essence straightening and tauting effect of polymeric medium macromolecules, that makes impossible the condition (p j= 1.0 attainment. At fully tauted macromolecular chains = 1.0)

polymer structure achieves its quasiequilibrium state at d various values depending on copolymer type, that is defined by their macromolecules different flexibility, characterized by parameter C. ... 

Suppose the system is a solid body whose temperature initially is nonuniform. Provided there are no internal adiabatic partitions, the initial state is a nonequilibrium state lacking internal thermal equilibrium. If the system is surrounded by thermal insulation, and volume changes are negligible, this is an isolated system. There will be a spontaneous, irreversible internal redistribution of thermal energy that eventually brings the system to a final equilibrium state of uniform temperature. 

The value AG (Gibbs specific function of local, for example, supra-molecular structures formation) is given for nonequilibrium phase transition supercooled liquid —> solid body [11]. From the Eq. (1.14) it follows, that the condition AG = 0 is achieved atd =3, that is, atd =dand at transition to Euclidean behavior. In other words, a fractal structures are formed only in nonequilibrium processes course, which is noted earlier [12]. 

The Gibbs specific function notion for nonequilibrium phase transition overcooled liquid —> solid body is connected closely to local order notion (and, hence, fractality notion, see chapter one), since within the ffamewoiks of the cluster model the indicated transition is equivalent to cluster formation start. In Fig. 1.1, the dependence of clusters relative fraction (p, on the... 

The authors of the Ref [19] studied the plastic deformation mechanisms for polymers within the temperatures wide range. They showed that for PC and polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) the transition from shear to crazing was observed at testing temperature approach to the glass transition temperature of those polymers. The indicated transition was observed at temperatures 373 393 K for PC (compare with the data of Fig. 9.1) and -413 K for PPO [19]. The authors of Ref [20] considered the transition shear-crazing as nonequilibrium phase transition and obtained its universal criterion within the frameworks of deformable solid body synergetics [21, 22]. 

At solid body deformation the heat flow is formed, which is due to deformation. The thermodynamics first law establishes that the internal eneigy change in sample dU is equal to the sum of woik dW, carried out on a sample, and the heat flow dQ into sample (see the Eq. (4.31)). This relation is valid for any deformation, reversible or irreversible. There are two thermo-d5mamically irreversible cases, for which dQ = -dW, uniaxial deformation of Newtonian liquid and ideal elastoplastic deformation. For solid-phase polymers deformation has an essentially different character the ratio QIW is not equal to one and varies within the limits of 0.35 0.75, depending on testing conditions [37]. In other words, for these materials thermodynamically ideal plasticity is not realized. The cause of such effect is thermodynamically nonequilibrium nature or fractality of solid-phase polymers structure. Within the frameworks of fractal analysis it has been shown that this results to polymers yielding process realization not in the entire sample volume, but in its part only. 

From this, the velocities of particles flowing near the wall can be characterized. However, the absorption parameter a must be determined empirically. Sokhan et al. [48, 63] used this model in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to describe boundary conditions for fluid flow in carbon nanopores and nanotubes under Poiseuille flow. The authors found slip length of 3nm for the nanopores [48] and 4-8 nm for the nanotubes [63]. However, in the first case, a single factor [4] was used to model fluid-solid interactions, whereas in the second, a many-body potential was used, which, while it may be more accurate, is significantly more computationally intensive. 

The system (i.e., the nonequilibrium distribution of electrons and holes over available energy states) is in thermal contact with black body radiation of density g E) and phonons of energy density gp( ). The mentioned densities are the equilibrium densities at the temperature T of the solid. 

On the other hand, we believe there is an emerging body of results which indicate that FED may revolutionize the synthesis of complex inorganic thin film materials. A unique feature of FED is that the source material is evaporated (ablated) in a nonequilibrium process such that material is evaporated at the stoichiometry of the bulk. Hence, it is possible to prepare thin films of incongruently melting solids that have a stoichiometry characteristic of the solid phase prior to melting. For example, FED has been the most effective method for preparation of crystalline YBa2Cu307... 

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