Non-sterile conditions

The next sections discuss the removal of several groups of emerging pollutants at pre-existent concentrations from sewage sludge by means of fungal treatments in solid-phase biopiles, both under sterile and non-sterile conditions and in bioslurry reactors under sterile conditions. 

The lipid regulator drugs bezafibrate and fenofibrate at initial concentrations of 4.5 and 4.2 ng g-1 in sterile sludge were completely removed after the fungal treatment. The fate of fenofibrate, also present in non-sterile sludge, was the same. Meanwhile, the most abundant atorvastatin, a cholesterol lowering statin, decreased its concentration in 80% and 65% in sterile and non-sterile conditions, respectively. 

The oil-water emulsion is contacted with the bacterial culture, under non-sterile conditions, at temperatures between 20°C and 35°C, for about 5 days. Under these conditions, an oil layer and a water layer are formed permitting their separation. Shaking or aeration may not be required. 

Gao D, Wen X, Zeng Y, Qian Y (2006) Decolourization of a textile-reactive dye with Phanerochaete chrysosporium incubated in different ways under non-sterile conditions. Water Pract Technol 1 10801-10806... 

Gao D, Zeng Y, Wen X, Qian Y (2008) Competition strategies for the incubation of white rot fungi under non-sterile conditions. Process Biochem 43 937-944... 

We hope that these speculations concerning the origins of tetrodotoxin will stimulate experiments to test these theories. Attempts should be made to culture the postulated tetrodotoxin-producing microorganism. Experiments should be undertaken to raise tetrodotoxin-containing animals under sterile and non-sterile conditions. 

Cell cultivation has to be performed under sterile conditions. However, the transport experiment itself can be performed under non-sterile conditions due to its short duration of several hours. 

The application of enzymes in continuous processes can be performed in non sterile conditions, and allows working with high loads of enzymes in the reactor. 

We examined the effects of ageing on garter snake rinse under sterile and non-sterile conditions and hypothesized that microorganisms, through biodegradation, would shorten the life of the cue. Because previous aging experiments involved microfiltration, which would effectively sterilize the cue (e.g. Sullivan et al., 2002), we predicted that not filtering the cue would shorten the duration of its effectiveness in the laboratory. 

It was established that a range of concentrations exists in which fermentation inhibitors derived from pretreatments of lignocellu-losic feedstocks are not affecting the yeast, but will inhibit further growth of lactic acid bacteria. By an optimization of the levels of fermentation inhibitors the fermentation of biomass can be conducted under non-sterile conditions. Here, the yield of ethanol is comparable to those achieved under sterile conditions (22). Optimized inhibitor levels can be achieved by controlling the ratio of water to biomass of a lignocellulosic biomass during and after the pretreatment. 

Soil. The half-lives of captan in soil ranged from 3.5 days (pH 6.4, moisture content 17.5%) to >50 days (pH 6.2, moisture content 1.6%) (Burchfield, 1959). The half-lives of captan in a sandy loam, clay loam and an organic amended soil under non-sterile conditions were 10-354, 3.4-587 and 7.0-213 days, respectively, while under sterile conditions the half-fives were 9.4-373, 2.8-303 and 4.3-191 days, respectively (Schoen and Winterfin, 1987). 

When carbaryl was applied to soil at a rate of 1,000 L/ha, more than 50% remained in the upper 5 cm (Meyers et al., 1970). The half-lives of carbaryl in a sandy loam, clay loam and an organic amended soil rmder non-sterile conditions were 96-1,462,211-2,139 and 51, 846 days, respectively, while rmder sterile conditions the half-lives were 67-5,923, 84-9,704 and 126-4,836, respectively (Schoen and Winterlin, 1987). 

Humid chamber with integrated leaching, algae mixture, non-sterile conditions Filter paper test method on agar nutrients -algae mixture, leaching or artificial weathering... 

This section will provide a short description of two types of processes that rely on bioconversion based on prokaryotic mixed cultures anaerobic digestion for the production of methane (biomethanation) and mixed culture fermentation for the production of biohydrogen. Hydrogen production by photofermentation is also included in this section since, even if it requires a very specialized microbial consortium, it is performed under mixed non-sterile conditions. 

CLARK N.A. and ROLLER E.M. 1931. The stimulation of Lemna major by organic matter under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Soil Science, n, 299-309. 

MARSCHNER H. and BARBER D.A. 1975. Iron uptake by sunflower plants under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Plant and Soil, 4, 515-518. MARSHALL K.C. 1975. Clay mineralogy in relation to survival of soil bacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 357-373. 

Tyler, A., Ricci, N., and Horowitz, N. H. (1938). The respiration and ferHHz-able life of Arbacia eggs under sterile and non-sterile conditions. /. Exptl. Zool. 79, 129-142. 

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