Non-medical applications

The absorption and scattering of the y-rays in the presence of matter between the tracers and the detectors, such as human bones and body tissues in medical application as well as vessel walls and internals of a multi-phase flow system in non-medical application, will introduce... 

Benton, D. M., and Parker, D. J., Non-medical applications of positron emission tomography, in "Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows" (J. Chaouki, F. Larachi, and M. P. Dudukovic Eds.), pp. 161-184. Elsevier Science, New York... 

Sodium-24 also has non-medical applications. For example, it is used to test for leaks in oil pipe lines. These pipe lines are usually buried underground. It may be difficult to tell when a pipe begins to leak. One way to locate a leak is to add some sodium-24 to the oil. If oil leaks out of the pipe, so does the sodium-24. The leaking oil may not be visible, but the leaking sodium-24 is easily detected. It is located by instruments that are designed to detect radiation. 

Benton D, Parker D. Non-medical applications of positron emission tomography. In Chaouki J, Larachi F, Dudukovic M, eds. Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows. New York Elsevier, 1996, pp 161-184. 

Van Humbeeck, 1(1999), Non-medical applications of shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 273 pp. 134-148. 

Amongst the non-medical applications, an early paper is that of Lothian and ChappeP. The next step forward is the work of Sliepcevich and coworkers who were originally motivated by studies on sprays. They developed the theoreticad basis to relate the angular distribution of diffracted light to a particle size distribution and used it to deconvolute experimental data. 

Barenholz, Y, Basic, D.D. Handbook of Non-Medical Applications of Liposomes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 

The area of applied bioactive polymeric systems includes such diverse entities as controlled release systems (erodable systems, diffusion controlled systems, mechanical systems and microcapsules), and biologically active polymers, such as natural polymers, synthetic polypeptides, pseudo-enzymes, pseudo-nucleic acids and polymeric drugs. The area can also include immobilized bioactive materials, such as immobilized enzymes, antibodies and other bioactive agents and the area of artificial cells. This Chapter reviews the general field of biologically active synthetic and modified natural macromolecules with an emphasis on their common characteristics, problems and applications. The areas reviewed include both medical and non-medical applications for both controlled release systems and polymers that exhibit direct biological activity. 

Kormoroski RA (1993) Non medical applications of NMR imaging. Analytical Chemistry 65 1068A-1077A. 

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