Non-lipid viruses

Susceptibility of viruses to antimicrobial agents can depend on whether the viruses possess a lipid envelope. Non-lipid viruses are frequently more resistant to disinfectants and it is also likely that such viruses cannot be readily categorized with respect to their sensitivities to antimicrobial agents. These viruses are responsible for many nosocomial infections, e.g. rotaviruses, picornaviruses and adenoviruses (see Chapter 3), and it may be necessary to select an antiseptic or disinfectant to suit specific circumstances. Certain viruses, such as Ebola and Marburg which cause haemorrhagic fevers, are highly infectious and their safe destruction by disinfectants is of paramount importance. 

Lipid-enveloped Non-lipid Other, larger viruses picornaviruses non-lipid viruses... 

Prolonged periods of time may be necessary Prolonged periods may be required for fungal spores Virucidal activity may be limited against non-lipid viruses... 

HRVs are non-enveloped viruses of icosahedral overall shape [44]. Located on the exterior of the viral capsid are three structural proteins (VPl, VP2 and VP3), each consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel -barrel. VP4 is found at the interface with the RNA inside the virus. A pocket factor is usually bound to a hydrophobic canyon binding site within the VPl -barrel. This lipid-like molecule is important for the stability of the capsid and has been... 

Specific virus reduction values achieved with each individual viral removal/inactiva-tion step are cumulative, so that the final viral reduction value attained reflects multiple removal and/or inactivation procedures occurring throughout the process. In summary, the processing of rAHF-PFM is associated with a significant viral reduction capacity for both lipid-enveloped and non-lipid-enveloped viruses and provides additional assurances of reliability with respect to pathogen safety. 

In addition to small organic molecules or metal ions, proteins may have other components tightly associated with them. Nucleoproteins, for instance, contain non-covalently bound DNA or RNA, as in some of the structural proteins of viruses. Lipoproteins contain associated lipids or fatty acids and may also carry cholesterol, as in the high-density and low-density lipoproteins in serum. 

Monitoring of the levels of total sialic acid and lipid-associated sialic acid in serum is an important diagnostic tool for the detection of precancerous lesions [224], Transition-state analogues derived from sialic acid are potent inhibitors of sialidases from various influenza virus strains, and these have been evaluated clinically as influenza remedies [225], A detailed review of our current knowledge regarding the occurrence, specificity and function of sialic acid-specific lectins, particularly those that occur in viruses, bacteria and non-vertebrate eukaryotes has been recently published [226],... 

Contaminants in mAbs depend largely on the method used to amplify the amount of Ig and the purification methods. These include non-antibody substances such as serum proteins, proteases, lipids, endotoxins, nucleic acids, and viruses. The actual purity of mAb depends on the ultimate use, and 95% is suitable for most assays. The purification procedure should be made as soon as possible. When this is not possible, mAb preparations can be stored. Table 15 gives some conditions for storage. 

To a first approximation, the sizes of isometric viruses can be estimated by comparing the experimental maxima and minima with the theoretical curves calculated for spheres and hollow spheres [492-494,504]. However, viruses are composed of protein shells and nucleic acid cores (with carbohydrate and lipid in more complex viral structures), so a full analysis requires the explicit consideration of non-uniform scattering densities. In addition, the principle of icosahedral symmetry in the assembly of the protein shell means that, at large Q, deviations from spherical symmetry will influence the scattering curve. The separation of the scattering curve... 

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