Haemorrhagic fever

Susceptibility of viruses to antimicrobial agents can depend on whether the viruses possess a lipid envelope. Non-lipid viruses are frequently more resistant to disinfectants and it is also likely that such viruses cannot be readily categorized with respect to their sensitivities to antimicrobial agents. These viruses are responsible for many nosocomial infections, e.g. rotaviruses, picornaviruses and adenoviruses (see Chapter 3), and it may be necessary to select an antiseptic or disinfectant to suit specific circumstances. Certain viruses, such as Ebola and Marburg which cause haemorrhagic fevers, are highly infectious and their safe destruction by disinfectants is of paramount importance. 

Viral vaccines less generally available than those listed in die table include Congo Crimean haemorrhagic fever vaccine, dengue fever vaccine, Japanese encephalitis B vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tick borne encephalitis vaccine, and Venezuelan encephalitis vaccine. 

World Health Organization (WHO). 1997. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva WHO. 

R10. Ruangjira-Chupom, W., Boonpucknavig, S., and Nimmanitya, S., Circulating immune complexes in serum from patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 36, 46-53 (1979). 

Fisher-Hoch, S. P. Lessons from nosocomial viral haemorrhagic fever outbreaks. British Medical Bulletin, 73-74, 123-137. 

World Health Organization. (2005, November 7). Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Angola—Update 26 MOH declares outbreak over. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http //www.who.int/ csr/don/2005 ll 07a/en/index.html... 

Bowen, E.T.W., Platt, G.S., Lloyd, G., Baskerville, A., Harris, W.J., Veiia, E.E. Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire. Lancet 1977/1 571-573... 

Johnson, K.M., Webb, P.A., Lange, J.V., Murphy, F.A. Isolation and partial characterization of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Lancet 1977/1 569-571... 

Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet 1995 346(8973) 472-5. 

The virus is widespread amongst populations of monkeys. It can be spread to humans by contact with body fluids from the primates. The resulting haemorrhagic fever has a 90% case fatality rate... 

Viral haemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg)... 

The task is, however, made no easier by the sudden appearance of totally new and terrifying virus-induced diseases like AIDS and Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The quest for magic bullets to control these and other viruses is the subject of the next chapter. 

The rest of this chapter will show how the most successful treatment modalities have developed. These include vaccination (for smallpox, polio, measles, etc.), and chemotherapy using anti-viral drugs. A large number of viral diseases still lack an effective means of treatment, and the chapter will also cover the attempts to treat the common cold and influenza the struggles with HIV and the emergence of viruses (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa) that cause haemorrhagic fever. 

These haemorrhagic fever viruses are presently confined primarily to tropical regions. However, the probability of worldwide climate change due to... 

Viruses Ebola Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever... 

Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) is a Phlebovirus, a member of the Bunyaviridae family, which cause acute, incapaciting but self-limiting diseases in man, and which have had a major impact in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. SFSV is a virus closely related to other viruses which are considerably more pathogenic both in humans and animals, such as the African Swine fever virus (ASFV) and the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). 

---