Nomenclature physical quantities

Symbols separated by commas represent equivalent recommendations. Symbols for physical and chemical quantities should be printed in italic type. Subscripts and superscripts which are themselves symbols for physical quantities should be italicized all others should be in Roman type. Vectors and matrices should be printed in boldface italic type, e.g., B, b. Symbols for units should be printed in Roman type and should remain unaltered in the plural, and should not be followed by a full stop except at the end of a sentence. References International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988 Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units, Pure Applied Chem. 31 577-638 (1972), 37 499-516 (1974), 46 71-90 (1976), 51 1-41, 1213-1218 (1979) 53 753-771 (1981), 54 1239-1250 (1982), 55 931-941 (1983) lUPAP-SUN, Symbols, Units and Nomenclature in Physics, PV ica 93A 1-60 (1978). 

Physical quantities relevant to analytical measurements and the units and symbols used to express them are given in Table 1.3. Both SI and CGS units have been included because of current widespread use of the latter and for ease of comparison with older literature. However, only the SI nomenclature is now officially recognized and the use of the CGS system should be progressively discouraged. 

Ordinarily, the same symbol is used for a given physical quantity regardless of its units. Subscripts, superscripts, and lower- and upper-case letters can be employed to give special meanings. The nomenclature should be consistent with common usage (a list of recommended symbols for chemical engineering quantities is presented in Table l).t... 

In Chapter 1, the rales of nomenclature are reviewed— units of physical quantities, abbreviations, conversion between SI and British Units— and the various national and international standards bureaus are mentioned. Chapter 2 introduces significant figures and concepts of accuracy, precision and error analysis. Experimental planning is discussed in some detail in Chapter 3. This subject is enormous and we try to distil the essential elements to be able to use the techniques. Chapters 4 and 5 cover many aspects of measuring pressure and temperature. The industrial context is often cited to provide the student with a picture of the importance of these measurements and some of the issues with making adequate measurements. Flow measurement instrumentation is the subject of Chapter 6. A detailed list of the pros and cons of most commercial... 

In case the internal absorbance is divided by the optical absorption pathlength, the decadic linear absorption coefficient is given in units of cm". It is usually used at the examination of thin films because in such cases it is difficult to determine molar concentrations. In Table 2 all these terms and symbols are defined according to the lUPAC recommendations [14] and given with their units. Further terms and symbols for physical quantities, related to fundamental processes occurring in light sources, and general principles of nomenclature standardization are stated in other lUPAC recommendations of the Analytical Division [21]. 

The other constitutive equations and the nomenclature in the equations denoted are summarized in Table 2. For more details, see Wang et al., 2001 and You et al., 2002. In simulation, all the equations mentioned are simultaneously solved, and important physical quantities, such as water saturation and gas-phase velocity, can be obtained as shown in Fig. 3 (Masuda et al., 2004). It is worth to mention that, in the formulation based on the MMM, the governing equations in flow channel are same as those in GDL with the porosity being unity and with the permeability being infinity. 

It is convenient to group the geometrical factors in radiometric calculations in at least five different ways, depending on the application. This results in five physical quantities with different names but the same spectral distribution. (Conversion between the geometries is relatively easy, and you will find yourself using just two or three of them for most calculations, but you do need to know they exist, and how to handle them.) We recommend the nomenclature and symbols summarized in Table 2.1. 

The three laws of thermodynamics provide the theoretical basis required to master nearly all the concepts that are relevant in discussions of molecular energetics. We shall not dwell on those laws, because they are mandatory in any general physical chemistry course [1,8], but we will ponder some of their outcomes. It is also necessary to agree on basic matters, such as units, nomenclature, standard states, thermochemical consistency, uncertainties, and the definition of the most common thermochemical quantities. 

This book combines information from a wide spectrum of disciplinary cultures, each having its own nomenclature and rules for how to express certain physical or chemical quantities. For example, in basic chemistry, particularly in physical chemistry, the rules are tough and everything is strictly regulated, whereas in physics, freedom of choice is rather large. Hence, one dilemma that we have to cope with in this book is to satisfy all these different worlds. 

I. The IUPAC nomenclature used in this chapter is described by K. J. Laidler, ( hcmical Kinetics, Harper Row, New York, 1987, Chap. 1. See also I. Mills, T. ( viias, K. Homann, N. Kallay, and K. Kuchitsu, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. For an introduction to the concepts of lirmical species, including outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexes, see, for example,... 

The IUPAC nomenclature used in this section is described by I. Mills, T. Cvitas, K. Homann, N. Kallay, and K. Kuchitsu, Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 

Refs. [i] Mills I, Cvitas T, Homann K, KallayN, Kuchitsu K (eds) (1993) IUPAC quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 59-61 [ii] Parsons R (1974) Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units. Appendix III. Electrochemical nomenclature. Pure Appl Chem 37 503... 

The symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units are those recommended by lUPAC through its Physical Chemistry Division. For the thermodynamic notation needed but not specified by these two sources, the recommendations of the Bulletin of Chemical Thermodynamics are used. Similarly, for spectroscopic nomenclature, the common practice of Moore and Herz-berg " is followed. 

The nomenclature used in Analytical Chemistry, and therefore in this encyclopedia, is that agreed and published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) after deliberations by numerous specialist Commissions and Working Parties. The more fundamental definitions and values are to be found in Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (1993), 2nd edn., Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications, prepared for publication by Mills I, Cvitas T, Homann K, et al. (the so-called Green Book). Some of the information from this publication is included in these appendices, as are the currently accepted values of atomic weights, isotopic, composition, etc., which are the responsibility of the Inorganic Chemistry Division. 

Green Book Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry Red Book Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - lUPAC Recommendations... 

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